Proteomic assay using quantum sensors
Apparatus and methods for the detection of proteins in biological fluids such as urine using a label-free assay is described. Specific proteins are detected by their binding to highly specific capture reagents such as SOMAmers that are attached to the surface of a substrate. Changes to these capture reagents and their local environment upon protein binding modify the behavior of color centers (e.g., fluorescence, ionization state, spin state, etc.) embedded in the substrate beneath the bound capture reagents. These changes can be read out, for example, optically or electrically, for an individual color center or as an average response of many color centers.
1. A method for measuring a concentration of label-free target molecules in a sample fluid, the method comprising:
exposing a substrate to a sample fluid such that a plurality of capture reagents attached to a surface of the substrate contact the sample fluid, the plurality of capture reagents including first capture reagents configured to bind to first label-free target molecules and second capture reagents configured to bind to second label-free target molecules different from the first label-free target molecules;
detecting, based on emission of electromagnetic radiation from at least one color center within the substrate, a change in a property of the at least one color center in response to binding between the first label-free target molecules and the first capture reagents; and
determining, based on the detected change, a concentration of the first label-free target molecules within the sample fluid.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second label-free target molecules are proteins and the first and second capture reagents are aptamers.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the aptamers each have at least one 5-position modified pyrimidine.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises a diamond crystal and the at least one color center is a nitrogen-vacancy center of the diamond crystal.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the property is associated with a magnetic resonance of the nitrogen-vacancy center.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising irradiating the at least one color center with radiation having a first range of wavelengths configured to induce the emission of the electromagnetic radiation, and wherein the emitted electromagnetic radiation has a second range of wavelengths nonidentical to the first range.
7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising irradiating the at least one color center with microwave radiation having a range of frequencies including a resonant frequency of sublevels of an electronic ground state of the at least one color center.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first capture reagents each include a magnetic spin label.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface includes an array of discrete regions each containing no more than one of the first capture reagents, and the at least one color center includes a plurality of color centers each associated with exactly one of the first capture reagents.
10. A method for detecting label-free target analytes in a sample fluid, the method comprising:
exposing to a sample fluid at least two capture reagents attached to a surface, wherein each capture reagent is configured to bind to a different label-free target analyte, and the surface is disposed proximate a plurality of color centers; and
sensing a change in a property of a first color center of the plurality of color centers in response to binding one of the different label-free target analytes to a corresponding one of the capture reagents.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein sensing the change includes detecting, by a photodetector, emission of electromagnetic radiation from the first color center.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the photodetector is configured to detect emission from only the first color center of the plurality of color centers.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the capture reagents are aptamers.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the aptamers each include a magnetic spin label.
15. A method for detecting label-free target molecules, the method comprising:
capturing a first label-free target molecule from a sample fluid by a first capture reagent of a plurality of capture reagents attached to a surface, wherein the first capture reagent belongs to a first species configured to bind to the first label-free target molecule, and the plurality of capture reagents further includes a second capture reagent belonging to a second species configured to bind to a second label-free target molecule; and
sensing, based on emission of first electromagnetic radiation from a color center disposed adjacent the surface, the capture of the first label-free target molecule by the first capture reagent.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the first and second label-free target molecules are proteins and the first and second capture reagents are aptamers.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the first capture reagent has a functionalized 5-position pyrimidine base.
18. The method of claim 15 , further comprising causing the emission of the first electromagnetic radiation from the color center by exciting the color center by second electromagnetic radiation.
19. The method of claim 15 , wherein sensing the capture of the first label-free target molecule includes detecting the first electromagnetic radiation by a photodetector.
20. The method of claim 15 , wherein the first capture reagent includes a magnetic spin label.