Electric steam cracker
A reactor system and a process for carrying out steam cracking of a feed gas comprising hydrocarbons is provided, i where the heat for the reaction is provided by resistance heating by means of electrical power, so that a product stream comprising at least one olefin compound is obtained.
1. A reactor system for carrying out steam cracking of a feed gas comprising hydrocarbons, said reactor system comprising:
a supply of feed gas comprising a hydrocarbon and steam;
a structured body arranged for performing steam cracking of said feed gas comprising hydrocarbons, said structured body comprising a macroscopic structure of electrically conductive material, wherein said macroscopic structure comprises a ceramic coating;
a pressure shell housing said structured body, said pressure shell comprising an inlet for letting in said feed gas and an outlet for letting out product gas, wherein said inlet is positioned so that said feed gas enters said structured body in a first end of said structured body and wherein said outlet is positioned so that said product gas exits said structured body from a second end of said structured body;
a heat insulation layer between said structured body and said pressure shell; and
at least two conductors electrically connected to said structured body and to an electrical power supply placed outside said pressure shell, wherein said electrical power supply is dimensioned to heat at least part of said structured body to a temperature of at least 500° C. by passing an electrical current through said macroscopic structure, wherein said at least two conductors are connected to the structured body at a position on the structured body closer to said first end of said structured body than to said second end of said structured body, and wherein the structured body is constructed to direct an electrical current to run from one conductor substantially to the second end of the structured body and return to a second of said at least two conductors,
wherein the outlet is an outlet for a product stream comprising at least one olefin compound,
wherein the pressure shell has a first half portion at a first longitudinal end of the pressure shell and a second half portion at a second longitudinal end of the pressure shell, wherein the inlet is in the first half portion of the pressure shell and the outlet is in the second half portion of the pressure shell,
wherein the at least two conductors enter the pressure shell in the first half portion, closer to the inlet than to the outlet, such that, during operation, the at least two conductors are located in a portion of the reactor system that is colder than other parts of the reactor system.
2. The reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein said electrical power supply is dimensioned to heat at least part of said structured body to a temperature of at least 700° C.
3. The reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon in the feed gas is a saturated hydrocarbon.
4. The reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein the olefin compound in the product stream is ethene, propene, or butene, or mixtures thereof.
5. The reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein said macroscopic structure supports the ceramic coating, wherein the ceramic coating does not support a catalytically active material.
6. The reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein the resistivity of the electrically conductive material is between 10 −5 Ω·m and 10 −7 Ω·m.
7. The reactor system according to claim 1 , where said at least two conductors are led through the pressure shell in a fitting so that the at least two conductors are electrically insulated from the pressure shell.
8. The reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein said pressure shell further comprises one or more additional inlets spaced from or in combination with at least one fitting in order to allow a cooling gas to flow over, around, at a location spaced from, or inside at least one of the at least two conductors within said pressure shell.
9. The reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein said ceramic coating is selected from ZrO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , MgAl 2 O 4 , CaAl 2 O 4 or mixtures thereof.
10. The reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein said structured body has at least one electrically insulating part arranged to direct a current through said structured body in order to ensure that for at least 70% of the length of said structured body, a current density vector of the principal current path has a non-zero component value parallel to the length of said structured body.
11. The reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein the material of the macroscopic structure is chosen as a material arranged to generate a heat flux of 500 to 50000 W/m 2 by resistance heating of the material.
12. The reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein the structured body within said reactor system has a ratio between the area equivalent diameter of a horizontal cross section through the structured body and the height of the structured body in the range from 0.1 to 2.0.
13. The reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein the height of the reactor system is between 0.5 and 7 m.
14. The reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein the feed gas is pressurized.
15. The reactor system according to claim 14 , wherein the feed gas is pressurized to a pressure between 2 and 30 bar.
16. The reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive material and the ceramic coating have been sintered in an oxidizing atmosphere in order to form chemical bonds between the ceramic coating and the electrically conductive material.
17. A reactor system for carrying out steam cracking of a feed gas comprising hydrocarbons, said reactor system comprising:
a supply of feed gas comprising a hydrocarbon and steam;
a structured body arranged for performing steam cracking of said feed gas comprising hydrocarbons, said structured body comprising a macroscopic structure of electrically conductive material, wherein said macroscopic structure comprises a ceramic coating;
a pressure shell housing said structured body, said pressure shell comprising an inlet for letting in said feed gas and an outlet for letting out product gas, wherein said inlet is positioned so that said feed gas enters said structured body in a first end of said structured body and said product gas exits said structured body from a second end of said structured body;
a heat insulation layer between said structured body and said pressure shell; and
at least two conductors electrically connected to said structured body and to an electrical power supply placed outside said pressure shell, wherein said electrical power supply is dimensioned to heat at least part of said structured body to a temperature of at least 500° C. by passing an electrical current through said macroscopic structure, wherein said at least two conductors are connected to the structured body at a position on the structured body closer to said first end of said structured body than to said second end of said structured body, and wherein the structured body is constructed to direct an electrical current to run from one conductor substantially to the second end of the structured body and return to a second of said at least two conductors,
wherein the outlet is an outlet for a product stream comprising at least one olefin compound, and
wherein the reactor system further comprises an inner tube in a heat exchange relationship with said structured body, said inner tube configured to withdraw a product gas from the structured body such that the product gas exchanges heat with a gas flowing over the structured body.
18. A process for carrying out steam cracking of a feed gas comprising a hydrocarbon and steam to at least one olefin under steam cracking reaction conditions, in a reactor system according to claim 1 ; said process comprising the steps of:
pressurizing said feed gas,
supplying said pressurized feed gas to the reactor system, supplying electrical power via electrical conductors connecting an electrical power supply placed outside said pressure shell to said structured body, allowing an electrical current to run through said electrically conductive material, thereby heating at least part of the structured body to a temperature sufficient for said feed gas to undergo the steam cracking reaction over the structured body,
allowing the feed gas to undergo the steam cracking reaction over the structured body and
outletting a product stream comprising at least one olefin compound from the reactor system.
19. The process according to claim 18 , wherein at least part of the structured body is heated to a temperature of at least 700° C.
20. The process according to claim 18 , further comprising the step of inletting a cooling gas through an inlet through the pressure shell in order to allow said cooling gas to flow over at least one conductor.
21. A process for carrying out steam cracking of a feed gas comprising a hydrocarbon and steam to at least one olefin under steam cracking reaction conditions, in a reactor system according to claim 1 ; said process comprising the steps of:
supplying said feed gas to the reactor system,
supplying electrical power via electrical conductors connecting an electrical power supply placed outside said pressure shell to said structured body, allowing an electrical current to run through said electrically conductive material, thereby heating at least part of the structured body to a temperature sufficient for said feed gas to undergo the steam cracking reaction over the structured body,
allowing the feed gas to undergo the steam cracking reaction over the structured body and
outletting a product stream comprising at least one olefin compound from the reactor system.