Pastes for solar cells, solar cells, and methods of making same
A paste ( 32 ) for use in metallization of a solar cell ( 12 ) includes an organic vehicle ( 44 ) and a mixture of copper-containing particles ( 46 ), metal-oxide-containing nanoparticles ( 50 ), and secondary oxide particles ( 52 ) different from the metal-oxide-containing nanoparticles ( 50 ). The secondary oxide particles ( 52 ) include particles ( 42 ) of a metal oxide and a metal of the metal oxide capable of reducing at least some of the metal-oxide-containing nanoparticles ( 50 ) to metal when heated. The organic vehicle ( 44 ) is capable of reducing the metal oxide of the secondary oxide particles ( 52 ) upon decomposition of the organic vehicle ( 44 ). A paste ( 32 ) includes a mixture of particles ( 42 ) including metallic copper particles ( 46 ), nanoparticles ( 50 ), and metal oxide particles ( 52 ) in the organic vehicle ( 44 ). The nanoparticles ( 50 ) include at least one oxide of nickel, copper, cobalt, manganese, and lead. The metal oxide of the metal oxide particles ( 52 ) has a more negative Gibbs Free Energy of Formation than a metal oxide of the at least one oxide of the nanoparticles ( 50 ).
1. A paste for use in metallization of a solar cell, the paste comprising:
an organic vehicle including polyvinylpyrrolidone, and
a mixture of copper-containing particles, metal-oxide-containing nanoparticles, and secondary oxide particles in the organic vehicle,
wherein the metal-oxide-containing nanoparticles include nanoparticles consisting of a mixed oxide selected from oxides of
(i) nickel and lead;
(ii) manganese and lead;
(iii) copper, nickel, and lead;
(iv) copper, silver, nickel, and lead;
(v) cobalt and lead;
(vi) nickel, cobalt, and lead; or
(vii) nickel, silver, and lead, or
(viii) a mixture of two or more nanoparticles (i)-(vii), and
wherein the secondary oxide particles include particles of a metal oxide, and a metal of the metal oxide is capable of reducing at least some of the metal-oxide-containing nanoparticles to metal when the paste is heated to a temperature at which the organic vehicle decomposes.
2. The paste of claim 1 wherein the copper-containing particles include metallic copper particles, copper-containing alloy particles, or copper-containing non-metallic particles or a mixture of two or more thereof.
3. The paste of claim 2 wherein the copper-containing particles have a plurality of metallic particles and/or a plurality of oxide/hydroxide particles on a surface thereof.
4. The paste of claim 3 wherein the plurality of oxide/hydroxide particles are metal oxide particles in which the metal of the metal oxide is selected from nickel, cobalt, and manganese or combinations thereof.
5. The paste of claim 3 wherein the plurality of metallic particles and/or the plurality of oxide/hydroxide particles on the surface of the copper-containing particles are doped with at least phosphorous.
6. The paste of claim 3 wherein the surfaces of the copper-containing particles are not fully covered by the plurality of metallic particles and/or the plurality of oxide/hydroxide particles.
7. The paste of claim 1 wherein the secondary oxide particles include particles consisting of antimony oxide.
8. The paste of claim 1 wherein the metal-oxide-containing nanoparticles consist of a mixed oxide of nickel and lead.
9. The paste of claim 1 wherein a ratio of secondary oxide particles to metal-oxide-containing nanoparticles is in a range of 0.50 to 16.96 by weight.
10. The paste of claim 3 wherein the plurality of metallic particles include one metal selected from nickel, cobalt, and manganese or a combination thereof and the copper-containing particles with the plurality of metallic particles have a surface area in the range of 0.22 m 2 /g to 5 m 2 /g.
11. A paste comprising:
an organic vehicle including polyvinylpyrrolidone, and
a mixture of particles including metallic copper particles, nanoparticles, and metal oxide particles in the organic vehicle,
wherein the nanoparticles include nanoparticles consisting of a mixed oxide selected from oxides of
(i) nickel and lead;
(ii) manganese and lead;
(iii) copper, nickel, and lead;
(iv) copper, silver, nickel, and lead;
(v) cobalt and lead;
(vi) nickel, cobalt, and lead; or
(vii) nickel, silver, and lead, or
(viii) a mixture of two or more nanoparticles (i)-(vii), and
wherein the metal oxide particles include a metal oxide selected from oxides of antimony, tin, tellurium, manganese, phosphorous, bismuth, chromium, aluminum, cobalt, copper, and nickel or combinations thereof.
12. The paste of claim 11 wherein the metal oxide of the metal oxide particles has a more negative Gibbs Free Energy of Formation than the mixed metal oxide of the nanoparticles.
13. A solar cell made with the paste of claim 1 .
14. The paste of claim 1 wherein the metal oxide of the secondary oxide particles is one or more of antimony oxide, tin oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, phosphorous oxide, bismuth oxide, chromium oxide, and aluminum oxide.
15. The paste of claim 1 wherein all dimensions of the metal-oxide-containing nanoparticles are equal to or less than 100 nm.
16. The paste of claim 11 wherein all dimensions of the nanoparticles are equal to or less than 100 nm.
17. The paste of claim 11 wherein the metal oxide of the metal oxide particles is selected from oxides of antimony, tin, tellurium, manganese, phosphorous, bismuth, chromium, and aluminum or combinations thereof.
18. The paste of claim 11 wherein the metallic copper particles have a plurality of metallic particles and/or a plurality of oxide/hydroxide particles on a surface thereof.
19. The paste of claim 18 wherein the plurality of oxide/hydroxide particles are metal oxide particles in which the metal of the metal oxide is selected from nickel, cobalt, and manganese or combinations thereof.
20. The paste of claim 18 wherein the plurality of metallic particles and/or the plurality of oxide/hydroxide particles on the surface of the metallic copper particles are doped with at least phosphorous.
21. The paste of claim 18 wherein the surfaces of the metallic copper particles are not fully covered by the plurality of metallic particles and/or the plurality of oxide/hydroxide particles.
22. The paste of claim 18 wherein the plurality of metallic particles and/or a plurality of oxide/hydroxide particles include one metal selected from nickel, cobalt, and manganese or a combination thereof and the metallic copper particles with the plurality of metallic particles and/or a plurality of oxide/hydroxide particles have a surface area in the range of 0.22 m 2 /g to 5 m 2 /g.
23. The paste of claim 11 wherein a ratio of metal oxide particles to nanoparticles is in a range of 0.50 to 16.96 by weight.
24. The paste of claim 11 wherein the metal oxide particles include particles consisting of antimony oxide.
25. A solar cell made with the paste of claim 11 .
26. A paste for use in metallization of a solar cell, the paste comprising:
an organic vehicle, and
a mixture of copper-containing particles, metal-oxide-containing nanoparticles, and secondary oxide particles in the organic vehicle,
wherein the metal-oxide-containing nanoparticles include nanoparticles consisting of a mixed oxide selected from oxides of
(i) nickel and lead;
(ii) manganese and lead;
(iii) copper, nickel, and lead;
(iv) copper, silver, nickel, and lead;
(v) cobalt and lead;
(vi) nickel, cobalt, and lead; or
(vii) nickel, silver, and lead, or
(viii) a mixture of two or more nanoparticles (i)-(vii), and
wherein the secondary oxide particles include particles consisting of antimony oxide and antimony is capable of reducing at least some of the metal-oxide-containing nanoparticles to metal when the paste is heated to a temperature at which the organic vehicle decomposes.
27. A paste comprising:
an organic vehicle, and
a mixture of particles including metallic copper particles, nanoparticles, and metal oxide particles in the organic vehicle,
wherein the nanoparticles include nanoparticles consisting of a mixed oxide selected from oxides of
(i) nickel and lead;
(ii) manganese and lead;
(iii) copper, nickel, and lead;
(iv) copper, silver, nickel, and lead;
(v) cobalt and lead;
(vi) nickel, cobalt, and lead; or
(vii) nickel, silver, and lead, or
(viii) a mixture of two or more nanoparticles (i)-(vii), and
wherein the metal oxide particles include particles consisting of antimony oxide.
28. The paste of claim 1 wherein the copper-containing particles consist essentially of copper.
29. The paste of claim 26 wherein the copper-containing particles consist essentially of copper.
30. The paste of claim 1 wherein the paste is from 62 wt. % to 98 wt. % copper metal.
31. The paste of claim 11 wherein the paste is from 62 wt. % to 98 wt. % copper metal.
32. The paste of claim 26 wherein the paste is from 62 wt. % to 98 wt. % copper metal.
33. The paste of claim 27 wherein the paste is from 62 wt. % to 98 wt. % copper metal.