IP Library Granted Patent US 12,465,566
Granted Patent B2
US 12,465,566 · App. 17/947,974 · Granted Nov 11, 2025

Snuff composition

Inventors: Anders Axelsson (Bjärred, SE); Arne Kristensen (Helsingborg, SE); Henri Hansson (Helsingborg, SE)
Assignee: Modoral Brands Inc.
A61K9/0056A24B13/00A24B15/14A24B15/16A61K9/009A61K31/465A61K9/146
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,465,566
App. No.
17/947,974
Granted
Nov 11, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

Use of a nicotine-cellulose combination for the preparation of a snuff composition for achievement of a fast onset of action of nicotine after application of the snuff composition to the oral cavity of a subject, wherein the composition has a high release rate so that when subjected to an in vitro dissolution test about 45% or more of the total content of nicotine is released within 30 minutes. Moreover, the invention relates to an improved snuff composition for application to the oral cavity.

Claims (51)

1 . A product for delivery of an oral composition, the product comprising:

a composition including a cellulose material and nicotine, at least a portion of the nicotine being sorbed to at least a portion of the cellulose material so as to be in the form of a nicotine-cellulose combination and such that the nicotine-cellulose combination forms 10% to 100% by weight of a total weight of the composition; and

enclosing the composition.

2 . The product of claim 1 , wherein the nicotine-cellulose combination forms at least 45% by weight of the total weight of the composition.

3 . The product of claim 1 , wherein the nicotine-cellulose combination forms at least 80% to 98% by weight of the total weight of the composition.

4 . The product of claim 1 , wherein the nicotine is nicotine free base or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, complex, or derivative thereof.

5 . The product of claim 1 , wherein the nicotine is in the form of a nicotine salt.

6 . The product of claim 5 , wherein the nicotine salt is nicotine bitartrate.

7 . The product of claim 1 , wherein the nicotine is present in a total amount of about 0.5 mg to about 10 mg.

8 . The product of claim 1 , wherein the composition includes a further cellulose in addition to the cellulose material.

9 . The product of claim 1 , wherein the composition includes one or more of the following:

at least one sugar alcohol;

at least one artificial sweetener;

sodium carbonate;

sodium hydrogen carbonate;

at least one flavoring.

10 . The product of claim 1 , wherein the nicotine and the cellulose material are combined such that, when subjected to an in vitro dissolution test using UV detection, about 30% or more of the total content of the nicotine is released from the composition within 30 minutes.

11 . The product of claim 1 , wherein the pouch is formed of cellulose.

12 . The product of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the nicotine is absorbed into at least a portion of the cellulose material.

13 . The product of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the nicotine is adsorbed onto at least a portion of the cellulose material.

14 . A product for delivery of an oral composition, the product comprising:

(a) a composition that includes:

a cellulose material; and

nicotine that is one or both of absorbed into and adsorbed onto at least a portion of the cellulose material so as to be in the form a nicotine-cellulose combination that forms 10% to 100% by weight of the total weight of the composition; and

(b) a pouch enclosing the composition.

15 . The product of claim 14 , wherein the nicotine is nicotine free base or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, complex, or derivative thereof.

16 . The product of claim 14 , wherein the nicotine is in the form of a nicotine salt.

17 . The product of claim 16 , wherein the nicotine salt is nicotine bitartrate.

18 . The product of claim 14 , wherein the nicotine is present in a total amount of about 0.5 mg to about 10 mg.

19 . The product of claim 14 , wherein the composition includes a further cellulose in addition to the cellulose material.

20 . The product of claim 14 , wherein the composition includes one or more of the following:

at least one sugar alcohol;

at least one artificial sweetener;

sodium carbonate;

sodium hydrogen carbonate;

at least one flavoring.

21 . The product of claim 14 , wherein the nicotine and the cellulose material are combined such that, when subjected to an in vitro dissolution test using UV detection, about 30% or more of the total content of the nicotine is released from the composition within 30 minutes.

22 . The product of claim 14 , wherein the pouch is formed of cellulose.

23 . A product for delivery of an oral composition, the product comprising:

(a) a composition that includes:

a cellulose material;

nicotine that is sorbed to at least a portion of the cellulose material so as to be in the form a nicotine-cellulose combination that forms at least 10% by weight of the total weight of the composition;

one or more of: at least one sugar alcohol; at least one artificial sweetener; sodium carbonate; sodium hydrogen carbonate; at least one flavoring; and

(b) a pouch enclosing the composition.

24 . The product of claim 23 , wherein the nicotine is nicotine free base or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, complex, or derivative thereof.

25 . The product of claim 23 , wherein the nicotine is in the form of a nicotine salt.

26 . The product of claim 25 , wherein the nicotine salt is nicotine bitartrate.

27 . The product of claim 23 , wherein the nicotine is present in a total amount of about 0.5 mg to about 10 mg.

28 . The product of claim 23 , wherein the composition includes a further cellulose in addition to the cellulose material.

29 . The product of claim 23 , wherein the nicotine and the cellulose material are combined such that, when subjected to an in vitro dissolution test using UV detection, about 30% or more of the total content of the nicotine is released from the composition within 30 minutes.

30 . The product of claim 23 , wherein the pouch is formed of cellulose.

Priority Claims (2)
DK 2006 00375 · Mar 16, 2006 · national
DK 2006 00376 · Mar 16, 2006 · national
Continuity (7)
Continuation 17458997 · Aug 27, 2021
Continuation 16194969 · Nov 19, 2018
Continuation 13690531 · Nov 30, 2012
Continuation 12225262
Provisional Application 60782903 · Mar 16, 2006
Provisional Application 60782977 · Mar 16, 2006
Related Publication 20230009314A1 · Jan 12, 2023
References Cited (310)
US 865026A · Ellis · 1907 [cited by applicant]
US 940521A · Endicott · 1909 [cited by applicant]
US 3777029A · Magid · 1973 [cited by applicant]
US 3845217A · Ferno et al. · 1974 [cited by applicant]
US 3901248A · Lichtneckert et al. · 1975 [cited by applicant]
US 4317837A · Kehoe et al. · 1982 [cited by applicant]
US 4579858A · Ferno et al. · 1986 [cited by applicant]
US 4593572A · Linley, Jr. · 1986 [cited by applicant]
US 4674491A · Brugger et al. · 1987 [cited by applicant]
US 4696315A · Summers · 1987 [cited by applicant]
US 4806356A · Shaw · 1989 [cited by applicant]
US 4817640A · Summers · 1989 [cited by applicant]
US 4835162A · Abood · 1989 [cited by applicant]
US 4907605A · Ray et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4933188A · Cherukuri et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4945929A · Egilmex et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4967733A · Rousseau et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4967773A · Shaw · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4971079A · Talapin et al. · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 5069904A · Masterson · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5077104A · Hunt et al. · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5135753A · Baker et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5154927A · Song et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5167242A · Turner et al. · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5198226A · MacFarlane et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5268209A · Hunt et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5284163A · Knudsen et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5318523A · Lu et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5346589A · Braunstein et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5362496A · Baker et al. · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5501858A · Fuisz · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5507278A · Karell · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5525351A · Dam et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5543424A · Carlsson et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5549906A · Santus et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5573774A · Keenan · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5599554A · Majeti · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5643905A · Moormann et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5654003A · Fuisz et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5656255A · Jones · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5692493A · Weinstein et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5711961A · Reiner et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5721257A · Baker et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5733574A · Dam et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5810018A · Monte · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5935604A · Illum · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5939100A · Albrechtsen et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5948422A · van Koutrik et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 5955098A · Dugger, III · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 6024981A · Khankari et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6083531A · Humbert-Droz et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6110495A · Dam et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6129936A · Gustafsson et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6183775B1 · Ventouras · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6190696B1 · Groenewoud · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6264981B1 · Zhang et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6280761B1 · Santus · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6287596B1 · Murakami et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6322806B1 · Ream et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6322828B1 · Athanikar et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6344222B1 · Cherukuri et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6355265B1 · Ream et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6358060B2 · Pinney et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6358527B1 · Gilis et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6426090B1 · Ream et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6465003B2 · Ream et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6551634B2 · Joergensen · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6558692B2 · Ream et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6586023B1 · Song et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6602518B2 · Seielstad et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6627234B1 · Johnson et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6773716B2 · Ream et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6841557B2 · Anderson et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6845777B2 · Pera · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6849624B2 · Ballard et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6855820B2 · Broom et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6858624B2 · Hagen et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6861434B2 · Stack · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6872405B2 · Takaishi et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6893654B2 · Pinney et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6932971B2 · Bachmann et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6958143B2 · Choi et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6958323B2 · Olivera et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6960574B2 · Prokai · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6982089B2 · Tobinick · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7101579B2 · Athanikar et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7163705B2 · Johnson et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7208186B2 · Norman et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20010016593A1 · Wilheimsen · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 20010029959A1 · Burgard et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 20020009523A1 · Gustaesson · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20020010198A1 · Jerussi et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20020015687A1 · Bellamy et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20030077297A1 · Chen et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030082109A1 · Gorenstein · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030124191A1 · Besse et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030152634A1 · Bodmeier · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030180360A1 · Am Ende et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20030224048A1 · Walling · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 20040013752A1 · Wolfson · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20040096501A1 · Vaya et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20040191322A1 · Hansson · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20040194793A1 · Lindell et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20040247669A1 · Gin et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20050009813A1 · Moormann et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050009882A1 · Farr · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050013856A1 · Trivedi et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050020641A1 · Sellers et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050042173A1 · Besse et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050053665A1 · Ek · 2005 [cited by examiner]
US 20050058609A1 · Nazeri · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050089524A1 · Sanderson et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050100513A1 · Watkins et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050107397A1 · Galambos et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050118272A1 · Besse et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050123502A1 · Chan et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050129774A1 · Morein et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050136047A1 · Ennifar et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050182063A1 · Yohannes · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050197343A1 · Gmeiner et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050222270A1 · Olney et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050227998A1 · Voelker · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050260264A1 · Edgren et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050261289A1 · Flohr et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050277626A1 · Dinan et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20050282823A1 · Breining et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20060057207A1 · Ziegler et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060058328A1 · Bhatti et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060062835A1 · Weil · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060084656A1 · Ziegler et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060099300A1 · Andersen et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060147498A1 · Jonsson et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060165842A1 · Anderson et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060171969A1 · Macelloni et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060191548A1 · Strickland et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060204451A1 · Salini · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060240143A1 · Anderson et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060246174A1 · Anderson et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060252773A1 · Ceci · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060275344A1 · Mody et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060276551A1 · Shytle et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20070014887A1 · Cherukuri et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070071806A1 · McCarty · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070134169A1 · Rabinoff · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20080020050A1 · Chau et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080124283A1 · Andersen · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080131508A1 · Agarwal et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080138398A1 · Gonda · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080138399A1 · Gonda · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080138423A1 · Gonda · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080286340A1 · Andersson et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080286341A1 · Andersson et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080292683A1 · Sanghvi et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080317863A1 · Nystrom et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20090081291A1 · Gin et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090098192A1 · Fuisz · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20100004294A1 · Axelsson et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
CN 1079650 · 1993 [cited by applicant]
CN 1089834 · 1994 [cited by applicant]
CN 1383814 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
CN 1511550 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
CN 1557177 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
DE 2313996 · 1974 [cited by applicant]
DE 2608156 · 1976 [cited by applicant]
DE 2526702 · 1976 [cited by applicant]
DE 3241437 · 1984 [cited by applicant]
DE 4301782 · 1994 [cited by applicant]
DE 19639343 · 1998 [cited by applicant]
DE 29800300 · 1998 [cited by applicant]
DE 19943491 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
EP 205133 · 1986 [cited by applicant]
EP 215682 · 1987 [cited by applicant]
EP 0325090 · 1989 [cited by applicant]
EP 0324794 · 1989 [cited by applicant]
EP B0324794 · 1989 [cited by applicant]
EP 377520 · 1990 [cited by applicant]
EP 472428 · 1992 [cited by applicant]
EP 485421 · 1992 [cited by applicant]
EP 500658 · 1992 [cited by applicant]
EP 506860 · 1992 [cited by applicant]
EP 506774 · 1992 [cited by applicant]
EP 0557129 · 1993 [cited by applicant]
EP 570327 · 1993 [cited by applicant]
EP 0619729 · 1994 [cited by applicant]
EP 680326 · 1995 [cited by applicant]
EP 0745380 · 1996 [cited by applicant]
EP 0839544 · 1998 [cited by applicant]
EP 850182 · 1998 [cited by applicant]
EP 0904055 · 1999 [cited by applicant]
EP 0916339 · 1999 [cited by applicant]
EP 1023069 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
EP 1044687 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
EP 1069900 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
EP 1136487 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
EP 02793665 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
EP 1267849 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
EP 1272218 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
EP 1448196 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
EP 1509227 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
EP 1534254 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
EP 1539149 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
EP 1539764 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
EP 1539765 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
EP 1551393 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
EP 1589952 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
EP 1624845 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
EP 1624895 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
EP 1634498 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
EP 1737431 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
FR 2147652 · 1973 [cited by applicant]
FR 2467604 · 1981 [cited by applicant]
FR 2608156 · 1988 [cited by applicant]
FR 2688400 · 1993 [cited by applicant]
FR 2698268 · 1994 [cited by applicant]
FR 2788982 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
FR 2792200 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
GB 1528391 · 1978 [cited by applicant]
GB 2030862 · 1980 [cited by applicant]
GB 2125699 · 1984 [cited by applicant]
GB 2255892 · 1992 [cited by applicant]
GB 2289204 · 1995 [cited by applicant]
GB 2308992 · 1997 [cited by applicant]
GB 2393392A · 2004 [cited by applicant]
GB 2393392 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
JP 52114010 · 1977 [cited by applicant]
JP 62228022 · 1987 [cited by applicant]
JP 1243945 · 1989 [cited by applicant]
JP 2072118 · 1990 [cited by applicant]
JP 2005082587 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
JP 2005103113 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
JP 2005320342 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
JP 3849304 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
KP 2001078976 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
RU 2029474 · 1995 [cited by applicant]
SU 1232260 · 1986 [cited by applicant]
SU 1268141 · 1986 [cited by applicant]
WO WO8302892 · 1983 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9101132 · 1991 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9104757 · 1991 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9106288 · 1991 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9109599 · 1991 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9109731 · 1991 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9101656 · 1991 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9312764 · 1993 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9416708 · 1994 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9503050 · 1995 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9520411 · 1995 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9702273 · 1997 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9710162 · 1997 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9742941 · 1997 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9915171 · 1999 [cited by applicant]
WO WO9965550 · 1999 [cited by applicant]
WO WO200019977 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0038686 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0045795 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
WO WO200044559 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
WO WO200056281 · 2000 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0119401 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO0130288 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO200137814 · 2001 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2002076229 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2002102357 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2003013719 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2003045437 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2003002446 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2003055486 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2003061399 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2003077846 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2004004478 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2004004479 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2004004480 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2004032644 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2004068964 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2004068965 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2004103372 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2005007655 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2005018348 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2005023781 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2005028484 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2005034968 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2005040338 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2005066126 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2006008040 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2006008041 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2006028344 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2006029349 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2006037418 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2006041769 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2005084126 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2006115202 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2006119884 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2006138682 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2007006117 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2007104573 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2007104574 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
Database WPI Week 198651, Derwent Publications Ltd., XP-002247927 (1986). [cited by applicant]
Database WPI Week 199143, Derwent Publications Ltd., XP-002247929 (1991). [cited by applicant]
Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5 [cited by applicant]
http:/www.fmc.com/—pages for Avicel products and MCC/Cellulose gel. [cited by applicant]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excipient [cited by applicant]
Axelsson et al., “The Anti-smoking Effect of chewing gum with nicotine of high and low bioavailability”; 3rd World Conference on Smoking and Health, New York, 1975. [cited by applicant]
Jenkusky, “Use of Nicotine Patches for Schizophrenic Patients,” [cited by applicant]
Lihong et al., “Preparation and Pharmaceutical Study of Nicotine Sustained Release Tablet,” [cited by applicant]
Mihranyan et al., “Sorption of nicotine to cellulose powders”, European Journal Pharmaceutical Sciences; 2004; 279-286; 22(4). [cited by applicant]
Mihranyan, “Engineering of Native Cellulose Structure for Pharmaceutical Applications, Influence of Cellulose Crystallinity Index, Surface Area and Pore Volume on Sorption Phenomena”, ACTA Universitatis Upsaliensis Upps… [cited by applicant]
Molander et al., “Pharmacokinetic investigation of a nicotine sublingual tablet”, .Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2001; 813-9; vol. 56(11). [cited by applicant]
Nasr et al., “In Vitro Study of Nicotine Release From Smokeless Tobacco,” [cited by applicant]
Thomas et al., “Transdermal Nicotine ad Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis,” [cited by applicant]
Quik, “Smoking, Nicotine and Parkinson's Disease,” [cited by applicant]
Sahakian et al., “Nicotine and Tetrahydroaminoacradine: Evidence for Improved Attention in Patients and Dementia of the Alzheimer Type,” Dept. of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, U.K., [cited by applicant]