Recovering a caustic solution via calcium carbonate crystal aggregates
Techniques for growing crystalline calcium carbonate solids such that the crystalline calcium carbonate solids include a volume of 0.0005 mm 3 to 5 mm 3 , include a slaker to react quicklime (CaO) and a low carbonate content fluid to yield a slurry of primarily slaked lime (Ca(OH) 2 ); a fluidized-bed reactive crystallizer that encloses a solid bed mass and includes an input for a slurry of primarily slaked lime, an input for an alkaline solution and carbonate, and an output for crystalline calcium carbonate solids that include particles and an alkaline carbonate solution; a dewatering apparatus that includes an input coupled to the crystallizer and an output to discharge a plurality of separate streams that each include a portion of the crystalline calcium carbonate solids and alkaline carbonate solution; and a seed transfer apparatus to deliver seed material into the crystallizer to maintain a consistent mass of seed material.
1. A pellet reactor, comprising:
a body extending between a top and a bottom and defining an enclosure for housing a bed of solid particles, the body comprising:
at least one input configured to receive calcium hydroxide and an alkaline carbonate solution to fluidize the bed of solid particles, part of the enclosure forming a reaction zone in which the calcium hydroxide is received at a loading rate between 20 kg-Ca/m 2 /h and 30 kg-Ca/m 2 /h and reacted with the alkaline carbonate solution to precipitate calcium carbonate and deposit a portion of a precipitated calcium carbonate onto the bed of solid particles to form mature pellets of calcium carbonate; and
an output configured to discharge the mature pellets of calcium carbonate upon the mature pellets of calcium carbonate achieving a volume between about 0.0005 mm and about 5 mm 3 .
2. The pellet reactor of claim 1 , further comprising a recirculation line extending from the top of the body toward the bottom of the body, the recirculation line having an outlet in fluid communication with the enclosure, the recirculation line configured to flow the alkaline carbonate solution from the top of the body to the bottom of the body to fluidize the bed of solid particles.
3. The pellet reactor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one input includes a first input configured to receive the calcium hydroxide and a second input configured to receive the alkaline carbonate solution.
4. The pellet reactor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one input includes a single input configured to receive both the calcium hydroxide and the alkaline carbonate solution.
5. The pellet reactor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one input is configured to receive a slurry of calcium hydroxide.
6. The pellet reactor of claim 5 , further comprising at least one injection device configured to introduce the slurry of calcium hydroxide directly into the bed of solid particles.
7. The pellet reactor of claim 6 , wherein the at least one injection device is configured to inject the slurry of calcium hydroxide through a horizontal cross-sectional area of the bed of solid particles.
8. The pellet reactor of claim 6 , wherein the at least one injection device comprises at least one lance or at least one nozzle that extends into the enclosure at an angle.
9. The pellet reactor of claim 8 , wherein:
the at least one injection device comprises the at least one lance; and
the at least one lance includes a main trunk and a plurality of branches that angularly extend from the main trunk within the enclosure.
10. The pellet reactor of claim 5 , wherein the enclosure is configured to receive the slurry of calcium hydroxide and the alkaline carbonate solution at a calcium to carbonate molar ratio in a range of 1.1:1 to 30:1.
11. The pellet reactor of claim 5 , wherein:
the at least one input is configured to receive the slurry of calcium hydroxide at an influent flow rate;
the body is configured to recirculate a portion of the alkaline carbonate solution to the at least one input at a recirculation flow rate; and
a ratio of the recirculation flow rate over the influent flow rate ranges from 19:1 to 50:1.
12. The pellet reactor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one input is configured to receive the calcium hydroxide together with the alkaline carbonate solution.
13. A system for capturing carbon dioxide directly from atmospheric air, the system comprising:
an air contactor configured to capture the carbon dioxide from the atmospheric air and to form an alkaline carbonate solution that comprises hydroxide and carbonate;
a pellet reactor comprising:
a body extending between a top and a bottom and defining an enclosure for housing a bed of solid particles, the body comprising:
at least one input configured to receive calcium hydroxide, the at least one input in fluid communication with the air contactor to receive the alkaline carbonate solution to fluidize the bed of solid particles, part of the enclosure forming a reaction zone in which the calcium hydroxide is reacted with the alkaline carbonate solution to precipitate calcium carbonate and deposit a portion of a precipitated calcium carbonate onto the bed of solid particles to form mature pellets of calcium carbonate; and
an output configured to discharge at least the mature pellets of calcium carbonate upon the mature pellets of calcium carbonate each achieving a volume between about 0.0005 mm 3 and about 5 mm 3 ; and
a calciner configured to receive at least some of the mature pellets of calcium carbonate from the pellet reactor and calcine the at least some of the mature pellets of calcium carbonate.
14. The system of claim 13 , further comprising a dryer configured to:
receive the at least some of the mature pellets of calcium carbonate from the pellet reactor;
reduce a moisture content of the at least some of the mature pellets of calcium carbonate to form drier mature pellets of calcium carbonate; and
provide the drier mature pellets of calcium carbonate to the calciner.
15. The system of claim 14 , further comprising a separation and washing station fluidly coupled to the pellet reactor, the separation and washing station configured to wash the mature pellets of calcium carbonate discharged from the output of the pellet reactor with the alkaline carbonate solution and provide a washed mature pellets stream comprising less than 15 wt % moisture content to the dryer.
16. The system of claim 13 , further comprising:
a grinding system configured to receive at least some of the mature pellets of calcium carbonate discharged from the pellet reactor and grind the at least some of the mature pellets of calcium carbonate into a seed material; and
the at least one input configured to receive the seed material.
17. The system of claim 13 , further comprising a slaker configured to yield a slurry of calcium hydroxide that comprises between 2 wt % and 40 wt % calcium hydroxide, wherein the slurry of calcium hydroxide is transferred to the at least one input of the pellet reactor at a loading rate between 5 kg-Ca/m 2 /h to 35 kg-Ca/m 2 /h.
18. The system of claim 13 , wherein the pellet reactor includes a recirculation line extending from the top of the body toward the bottom of the body, the recirculation line having an outlet in fluid communication with the enclosure, the recirculation line configured to flow the alkaline carbonate solution from the top of the body to the bottom of the body.
19. The system of claim 13 , wherein the calciner is configured to calcine the at least some of the mature pellets of calcium carbonate to form a calcium oxide product stream.
20. The system of claim 13 , wherein the calciner is configured to calcine the at least some of the mature pellets of calcium carbonate to form a calcium dioxide product stream for a user of carbon dioxide.