IP Library Granted Patent US 12,516,886
Granted Patent B2
US 12,516,886 · App. 18/193,425 · Granted Jan 6, 2026

Tubular membrane heat exchanger

Inventors: Kevin Ellsworth Egolf (Hampstead, MD); Yohann Lilian Rousselet (Baltimore, MD)
Assignee: Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc.
F28D7/0066B01D69/10B01D2313/23F16L41/082F28F9/0256F28F9/162F28F9/167
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,516,886
App. No.
18/193,425
Granted
Jan 6, 2026
Kind
B2
Abstract

In one aspect, a tubular membrane assembly is provided for a heat exchanger. The tubular membrane assembly includes a header having a header body, a tubular membrane, and a fitting connecting the tubular membrane to the header body. The fitting is configured to form a fluid tight connection between the fitting and the tubular membrane. The tubular membrane assembly further includes potting of the header keeping the tubular membrane connected to the fitting.

Claims (32)

1 . A method of manufacturing a heat exchanger, the method comprising:

connecting inlet end portions of tubular membranes, inlet fittings, and a body of an inlet header so that the inlet fittings extend in through openings of the body of the inlet header and the inlet end portions of the tubular membranes are adjacent an outer surface of the body of the inlet header;

applying first potting to the outer surface of the inlet header body and the inlet end portions of the tubular membranes;

connecting outlet end portions of the tubular membranes, outlet fittings, and a body of an outlet header so that the outlet fittings extend in through openings of the body of the outlet header and the outlet end portions of the tubular membranes are adjacent an outer surface of the body of the outlet header; and

applying second potting to the outer surface of the outlet header body and the outlet end portions of the tubular membranes.

2 . The method of claim 1 wherein connecting the inlet end portions of the tubular membranes, inlet fittings, and body of the inlet header include positioning the inlet fittings in the through openings of the body of the inlet header so that the inlet fittings contact the body of the inlet header; and

Wherein connecting the outlet end portions of the tubular membranes, outlet fittings, and body of the outlet header include positioning the outlet fittings in the through openings of the body of the outlet header so that the outlet fittings contact the body of the outlet header.

3 . The method of claim 1 wherein connecting the inlet end portions of the tubular membranes, inlet fittings, and body of the inlet header comprises advancing first portions of the inlet fittings into lumens of the tubular membranes and positioning second portions of the inlet fittings that are outside of the lumens in the through openings of the body of the inlet header;

wherein applying the first potting comprises applying the first potting while the second portions of the inlet fittings are in the through openings of the body of the inlet header;

wherein connecting the outlet end portions of the tubular membranes, outlet fittings, and body of the outlet header comprises advancing first portions of the outlet fittings into lumens of the tubular membranes and positioning second portions of the outlet fittings that are outside of the lumens in the through openings of the body of the outlet header; and

wherein applying the second potting comprises applying the second potting while the second portions of the outlet fittings are in the through openings of the body of the outlet header.

4 . The method of claim 1 wherein connecting includes positioning the entireties of the tubular membranes between the outer surface of the body of the inlet header and the outer surface of the body of the outlet header.

5 . The method of claim 1 wherein applying the first potting includes applying the first potting while the tubular membranes do not extend in the through openings of the body of the inlet header.

6 . The method of claim 1 wherein applying the second potting includes applying the second potting while the tubular membranes do not extend in the through openings of the body of the outlet header.

7 . The method of claim 1 wherein the body of the inlet header includes an inner surface opposite the outer surface and the through openings of the inlet header body extend between the inner surface and the outer surface of the inlet header body;

wherein the body of the outlet header includes an inner surface opposite the outer surface and the through openings of the outlet header body extend between the inner surface and the outer surface of the outlet header body;

wherein connecting the inlet end portions of the tubular membranes, inlet fittings, and body of the inlet header comprises positioning inlet openings of the inlet fittings closer to the inner surface of the body of the inlet header than the outer surface; and

wherein connecting the outlet end portions of the tubular membranes, outlet fittings, and body of the outlet header comprises positioning outlet openings of the inlet fittings closer to the inner surface of the body of the outlet header than the outer surface.

8 . The method of claim 1 further comprising positioning inlet retainers about the inlet end portions of the tubular membranes connected to the inlet fittings; and

positioning outlet retainers about the outlet end portions of the tubular membranes connected to the outlet fittings.

9 . The method of claim 1 further comprising:

positioning inlet retainers about the inlet end portions of the tubular membranes adjacent the outer surface of the body of the inlet header; and

positioning outlet retainers about the outlet end portions of the tubular membranes adjacent the outer surface of the body of the outlet header;

wherein applying the first potting to the outer surface of the inlet header body and the inlet end portions of the tubular membranes includes applying the first potting to the inlet retainers; and

wherein applying the second potting to the outer surface of the outlet header body and the outlet end portions of the tubular membranes includes applying the second potting to the outlet retainers.

10 . The method of claim 1 further comprising:

applying a third potting to an inner surface of the body of the inlet header and the inlet fittings, the through openings of the body of the inlet header extending between the outer surface and the inner surface of the body of the inlet header; and

applying a fourth potting to an inner surface of the body of the outlet header and the outlet fittings, the through openings of the body of the outlet header extending between the outer surface and the inner surface of the body of the outlet header.

11 . The method of claim 1 wherein connecting the inlet end portions of the tubular membranes, inlet fittings, and body of the inlet header includes connecting the inlet end portions to nipple portions of the inlet fittings and seating enlarged portions of the inlet fittings against the body of the inlet header to inhibit pull-through of the inlet fittings; and

wherein connecting the outlet end portions of the tubular membranes, the outlet fittings, and the body of the outlet header includes connecting the outlet end portions to nipple portions of the outlet fittings and seating enlarged portions of the outlet fittings against the outlet header body to inhibit pull-through of the outlet fittings.

12 . The method of claim 1 further comprising advancing the tubular membranes through openings of a plurality of spacers; and

positioning the spacers intermediate the inlet and outlet headers along the tubular membranes.

Assignments (2)
SECURITY INTEREST Recorded Sep 3, 2026
From: BALTIMORE AIRCOIL COMPANY, INC.; CONSOLIDATED METCO, INC.; INNO-SPIN, LLC; MEANS INDUSTRIES, INC.; TRANSFORM AUTOMOTIVE, LLC
To: WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AS ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT
Reel/Frame 075901/0172 →
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Oct 24, 2025
From: EGOLF, KEVIN ELLSWORTH; ROUSSELET, YOHANN LILIAN
To: BALTIMORE AIRCOIL COMPANY, INC.
Reel/Frame 072673/0033 →
Continuity (3)
Division 16891598 · Jun 3, 2020
Provisional Application 62857113 · Jun 4, 2019
Related Publication 20230235965A1 · Jul 27, 2023
References Cited (198)
US 2612350A · Stadler · 1952 [cited by applicant]
US 3398091A · Greatorex · 1968 [cited by applicant]
US 3447492A · Kreimann · 1969 [cited by applicant]
US 3480147A · Kanyok · 1969 [cited by applicant]
US 3494470A · Banfield · 1970 [cited by applicant]
US 3697635A · Dietzsch · 1972 [cited by applicant]
US 3707234A · Salemi · 1972 [cited by applicant]
US 3856475A · Marx · 1974 [cited by applicant]
US 3926813A · De Putter · 1975 [cited by applicant]
US 4117884A · Frei · 1978 [cited by applicant]
US 4286653A · Edwards · 1981 [cited by applicant]
US 4295522A · Frei · 1981 [cited by applicant]
US 4321911A · Offutt · 1982 [cited by applicant]
US 4461707A · Thayer · 1984 [cited by applicant]
US 4657743A · Kanno · 1987 [cited by applicant]
US 4802982A · Lien · 1989 [cited by applicant]
US 4897359A · Oakley · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 4902419A · Shibata · 1990 [cited by applicant]
US 5058661A · Oshiyama · 1991 [cited by applicant]
US 5104535A · Cote · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5119552A · Sutou · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5154832A · Yamamura · 1992 [cited by applicant]
US 5191771A · Meckler · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5192478A · Caskey · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5355944A · Potier · 1994 [cited by applicant]
US 5401406A · Johnson · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5467818A · Buckley, Jr. · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5468574A · Ehrenberg · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5528905A · Scarlatti · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5540278A · Chiba · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5595690A · Filburn · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5647227A · Lokhandwala · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5846450A · Atkinson · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 6038768A · Rhodes · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6110616A · Sheikh-Ali · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6126819A · Heine · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6142219A · Korenic · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6383391B1 · Ehrenberg · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6413294B1 · Spencer · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6413298B1 · Wnek · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6487768B2 · Rhodes · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6684649B1 · Thompson · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6841601B2 · Serpico · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 7160463B2 · Beck · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7179860B2 · Cao · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7393486B2 · Szabo · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 7468281B2 · Kallury · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 8470071B2 · Ehrenberg · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 9061251B2 · Hobbs · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9234665B2 · Erb · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9389025B2 · Lowenstein · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9533261B2 · Teo · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9630147B2 · Collignon · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9810439B2 · Coutu · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 10302317B2 · Erb · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10352628B2 · Erb · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10712024B2 · Lepoudre · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10928082B2 · Coutu · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11092349B2 · Lepoudre · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11143430B2 · Ghadiri Moghaddam · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11408681B2 · Lepoudre · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 11624558B2 · Egolf · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20020162648A1 · Crook · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20040076871A1 · Gascoyne · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20080000629A1 · Viczena · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080152893A1 · Stroh · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20100170776A1 · Ehrenberg · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20110062082A1 · Mordukhovich · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110203311A1 · Wright · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110247494A1 · Dinnage · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110283720A1 · Martin · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20130043187A1 · Adams · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130157164A1 · Yamauchi · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130206658A1 · Wu · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130312445A1 · Isetti · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130319569A1 · Kikuno · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20140150656A1 · Vandermeulen · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140238253A1 · Baptista · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140251810A1 · Lepa · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140305789A1 · Lowenstein · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20150122715A1 · Collignon · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150233588A1 · Betts · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150233589A1 · Betts · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150233651A1 · Ueno · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150300757A1 · Yang · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20160046498A1 · Caton · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160341498A1 · Lynn · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20190346212A1 · Erb · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190353358A1 · Allen · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20200295386A1 · Eickhoff · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200353417A1 · Bahar · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20210060493A1 · Bahar · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210276231A1 · Sato · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210332993A1 · Coutu · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20210396422A1 · Ghadiri Moghaddam · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20220003437A1 · Lepoudre · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20220178619A1 · Rousselet · 2022 [cited by applicant]
AU 1248483A · 1983 [cited by applicant]
CN 2764471Y · 2006 [cited by applicant]
CN 110856795A · 2020 [cited by applicant]
DE 69303535T2 · 1996 [cited by applicant]
EP 2208956A2 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
EP 3060856B1 · 2022 [cited by applicant]
GB 1151696A · 1969 [cited by applicant]
GB 1601429A · 1981 [cited by applicant]
JP S5842591U · 1983 [cited by applicant]
JP 5864491A · 1983 [cited by applicant]
JP H01269519A · 1989 [cited by applicant]
JP H05071882A · 1993 [cited by applicant]
JP 2001027496A · 2001 [cited by applicant]
KR 101630448B1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
RU 2121393C1 · 1998 [cited by applicant]
RU 180307U1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
RU 2711860C1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
RU 195987U1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO 2009094032A1 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
WO 2011150081A2 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO 2012170887A2 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014029003A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2024055099A1 · 2024 [cited by applicant]
“Tubular” 1 page, https://www.thefreedictionary.com/tubular, American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harc… [cited by applicant]
Electriduct ½″ Heat Shrinkable Braiding Sleeving 10 ft; from Amazon https://www.amazon.com/Electriduct-Heat-Shrinkable-Braided-Sleeving/dp/B00U7UTODM; believed to be publicly available before Dec. 3, 2020; 11 pages. [cited by applicant]
Hollow Fiber Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) brochure from GreenPebble Technologies LLP at www.greenpebbletech.com/_files/ugd/e65e09_4f4c86da8e6249dc8f493c87e3185a53.pdf?index=true; believed to be publicly available before De… [cited by applicant]
Polycoil Heat Exchanger image from http://plasticheatex.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/IMG_7162c.jpg; believed to be publicly available before Dec. 3, 2020; 1 page. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 63/398,456, filed Aug. 16, 2022, entitled Tubular Membrane Heat Exchanger; 89 pages. [cited by applicant]
3M™ Liqui-Cel™ product overview printed from Internet Archive Wayback Machine https://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/liquicel-us/; publicly available before Jun. 4, 2019; 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
Abdel-Salam, Mohamed R.H., et al., State-of-the-Art in Liquid-to-Air Membrane Energy Exchangers (LAMEEs): A Comprehensive Review; Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014. 39: p. 700-728. [cited by applicant]
Ali, Mohamed, et al., Humidification Technique Using New Modified MiniModule Membrane Contactors for Air Cooling. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 2013. 5: p. 174016. [cited by applicant]
Article: Haier extends nanotech cooling deal from https://www.coolingpost.com/world-news/haier-extends-nanotech-cooling-deal/; Sep. 9, 2018; 2 pages. [cited by applicant]
Bakeri, G et al.; A Porous Polyethersulfone Hollow Fiber Membrane in a Gas Humidification Process; RSC Advances, 2015; 5(19): p. 14448-14457. [cited by applicant]
Bazhenov, Stepan D., et al.; Gas-Liquid Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors for Different Applications. Fibers, 2018. 6(4): p. 76. [cited by applicant]
Blue Frontier Ultra-Efficient, Packaged Rooftop HVAC for Commerical Buildings Summary Report from Technology Early Depolyment (TED), https://bluefrontierac.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/BlueFrontier-CA-TED-Summary-Repo… [cited by applicant]
Breakthrough from the National Labs: “Desiccant Enhanced Evaporative Air Conditioning” video from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3TEkCqw-64, posted Apr. 25, 2012; screen captures with transcribed audio, 10 pages. [cited by applicant]
Carbon Capture: MTR's PolarCap™ process is based on our proven Polaris™ polymeric membrane from Membrane Techology & Research, Inc. website, https://www.mtrinc.com/our-business/carbon- capture/; believed to be publicly … [cited by applicant]
Castro-Muñoz, Roberto et al., A new relevant membrane application: CO2 direct air capture (DAC); Chemical Enginerring Journal 446 (2022); https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894722025396; 13 pages. [cited by applicant]
Charles, Nicholas T., et al.; The Occurrence and Characterization of Fouling During Membrane Evaporative Cooling; Journal of Membrane Science, 2008. 319(1): p. 44-53. [cited by applicant]
Chen, Dongmei, et al.; An Experimental Study and Model Validation of a Membrane Humidifier for PEM Fuel Cell Humidification Control; Journal of Power Sources, 2008. 180(1): p. 461-467. [cited by applicant]
Chen, Xiangjie, et al., Experimental Investigations of Polymer Hollow Fibre Integrated Evaporative Cooling System with the Fibre Bundles in a Spindle Shape; Energy and Buildings, 2017. 154: p. 166-174. [cited by applicant]
Chiari A.; Air Humidification with Membrane Contactors: Experimental and Theoretical Results; International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2000; 21(4): p. 187-195. [cited by applicant]
Cobetter Filtration Equipment Co., Ltd; Arrayforce ™ Membrane ontactor product overview from https://www.cobetterfiltration.com/Industries/General-Industry/Water-Treatment/Condensate-Polishing/products/Arrayforce-Membra… [cited by applicant]
Cui, Xin, et al., Performance Analysis of a Hollow Fiber Membrane-Based Heat and Mass Exchanger for Evaporative Cooling; Applied Energy, 2020. 271: p. 115238. [cited by applicant]
Energy-efficient graphene-based membrane cooling systems of Evercloak, Inc.; Canadian government investment in energy innovation from https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/science-and-data/funding-partnerships/funding-opportunities/c… [cited by applicant]
Englart, S., An Experimental Study of the Air Humidification Process Using a Membrane Contactor; E3S Web Conf., 2017. 17: p. 00021. [cited by applicant]
Extended European Search Report from related European Patent Application No. 20819588.3 dated Jan. 4, 2023; 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
Finalist Profile of Kraton Corporation, IIT Bombay, Porus Laboratories and Infosys from https://globalcoolingprize.org/kraton-iitbombay-porus-and-infosys/; Nov. 15, 2019; 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
Hollow Fiber Membrane Manufacturing Systems brochure from MEMS website https://www.membranefilter.co.kr/hfm-system, believed to be publicly available Sep. 2021; 5 pages. [cited by applicant]
Hollow Fibre Series overview from PCI Membranes website https://www.pcimembranes.com/products/pci-hollow-fibre-series/), believed to be publicly available Sep. 2021; 4 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion from corresponding PCT Application No. PCT/US2020/035914 dated Aug. 14, 2020; 11 pages. [cited by applicant]
Johnson, D.W., et al.; Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena in Hollow Fiber Membranes used for Evaporative Cooling; Journal of Membrane Science, 2003. 227(1): p. 159-171. [cited by applicant]
Khayet, M., et al.; Modeling and Optimization of Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation; Desalination, 2012. 287: p. 159-166. [cited by applicant]
Khayet, M., et al.; Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Desalination Using the Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation Method; Desalination, 2003. 157(1): p. 297-305. [cited by applicant]
Khayet, Mohamed, et al.; Nature of Flow on Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation; Journal of Membrane Science, 2000. 170(2): p. 243-255. [cited by applicant]
Khayet, Mohamed, et al.; Theory and Experiments on Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation; Journal of Membrane Science, 2000. 165(2): p. 261-272. [cited by applicant]
Kozubal, Eric et al.; Development and Analysis of Desiccant Enhanced Evaporative Air Conditioner Protype; Technical Report NREL/TP-5500-54755 Apr. 2012; National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) http://ailr.com/files/… [cited by applicant]
Kraton Corporation: NexarCool™ Technology video from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNISA8m0oOU, posted Jan. 3, 2020; screen captures (no dialogue); 12 pages. [cited by applicant]
Kulaç, Hande; Experimental and Theoretical Aspects of Membrane Based Water Cooling System, in Department of Chemical Engineering; 2017, Middle East Technical University: Ankara, Turkey; 149 pages. [cited by applicant]
Labban, Omar, et al.; Next-generation HVAC: Prospects for an limitations of desiccant and membrane-based dehumidification and cooling; Applied Energy 200 (2017) 330-346. [cited by applicant]
Loeb, Sidney; Membrane Evaporative Cooling to 30 Degrees C or Less: 1. Membrane Evaporative Cooling of Contained Water. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2003. 984: p. 515-27. [cited by applicant]
Mansourizadeh, A., et al.; Hollow Fiber Gas-Liquid Membrane Contactors for Acid Gas Capture: A Review; Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009. 171(1): p. 38-53. [cited by applicant]
Membrane Filtration overview from Koch Separation Solutions website https://www.kochseparation.com/technologies/membrane-filtration/, believed to be publicly available Sep. 2021; 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
Membrane Heat and Mass Exchanger from AIL Research, Inc. website https://ailr.com/our-technology/membrane-heat-and-mass-exchanger/, accessed May 2, 2023, 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
Metz, Sybrandus Jacob; Water Vapor and Gas Transport Through Polymeric Membranes; University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; 2003; 143 pages. [cited by applicant]
Microdyn Nadir Membrane Production: BIO-CEL®, screen captures from YouTube video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M94eD94jMk8 posted Jun. 16, 2016; 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
Modules overview from Alfa Laval Inc. website https://www.alfalaval.us/products/separation/membranes/modules/, accessed May 2, 2023; 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
Mulay, Veerendra; StatePoint Liquid Cooling system: A new, more efficient way to cool a data center; posted on Jun. 5, 2018 to Data Center Engineering, https://engineering.fb.com/2018/06/05/data-center-engineering/state… [cited by applicant]
Norteck Air Solutions, LLC; product brochure for StatePoint™ Liquid Cooling Data Center Technology; publicly available before Jun. 4, 2019; 2 pages. [cited by applicant]
NORTEK™ StatePoint overview from Nortek Air Solutions LLC website https://www.nortekair.com/ product/statepoint/, publicly available before Dec. 3, 2020; 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
Pandey, Ramendra, et al.; Modelling of Water-to-Gas Hollow Fiber Membrane Humidifier; Chemical Engineering Science, 2018. 192: p. 955-971. [cited by applicant]
Park, Se-Kyu, et al.; Characteristics of Membrane Humidifiers for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells; Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2005. 22(6): p. 877-881. [cited by applicant]
PermSelect® Silicone Gas Exchange Membranes; Air/Gas Humidification overview printed from Internet Archive Wayback Machine http://permselect.com/markets/gas%20humidification; publicly available before Jun. 4, 2019; 1 pa… [cited by applicant]
PolyCool Introduction 2018 video from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPULpwa_pfA&feature=emb_logo; published May 28, 2018; 11 pages. [cited by applicant]
Portacool Jetstream Series product overview from Portacool Evaporative Coolers website https://portacool.com/jetstream-evap-coolers/; publicly available before Dec. 3, 2020; 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
Products page from PCI Membranes website https://www.pcimembranes.com/products/, believed to be publicly available Sep. 2021; 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
Qu, Ming, et al., Isothermal Membrane-Based Air Dehumidification: A Comprehensive Review; Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018. 82: p. 4060-4069. [cited by applicant]
Ramya, K., et al.; Study of a Porous Membrane Humidification Method in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells; International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011. 36(22): p. 14866-14872. [cited by applicant]
Said, Ibrahim A., et al., Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation (SGMD) for Wastewater Treatment, Concentration, and Desalination: A Comprehensive Review; Chemical Engineering and Processing—Process Intensification, 2020. 1… [cited by applicant]
Smith, Benjamin D .; Sweeping Gas Membrane Evaporative Cooling for the Enhanced Performance of Vapour Compression Refrigeration; in Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; 2010, University of Ottawa, Canada; … [cited by applicant]
StatePoint® Indirect Cooling Technology brochure from https://www.nortekair.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/184F-1019-Nortek-StatePoint-Brochure.pdf; publicly available before Dec. 3, 2020; 12 pages. [cited by applicant]
Submerged PTFE Flat Sheet MBR Module overview from Membrane Solutions website https://www.membrane-solutions.com/fs_ptfe_MBR_module.htm, copyright 2022, 6 pages. [cited by applicant]
Suez Water Technologies & Solutions; ZeeWeed Ultrafiltration product guide from https://www.suezwatertechnologies.com/products/zeeweed-ultrafiltration; publicly available before Jun. 4, 2019; 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
The Membrane overview from Blue Foot Membranes website https://www.bluefootmembranes.com/the-membrane/, believed to be publicly available Sep. 2021; 2 pages. [cited by applicant]
Translation of EP2208956A2 entitled TRANSLATION-EP2208956A2 (Year: 2010); 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
Tubular UF Membrane Modules brochure from Berghof Membranes website https://www.berghofmembranes.com/tubular-uf-membrane-modules/, believed to be publicly available Sep. 2021; 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 18/077,561, filed Dec. 8, 2022, entitled Tubular Membrane Mass Exchanger; 125 pages. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 63/464,445, filed May 5, 2023, entitled Sheet Membrane Apparatus; 36 pages. [cited by applicant]
Woods, Jason; Membrane processes for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning; Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 33 (2014) 290-304. [cited by applicant]
X-Flow Tubular Membranes overview from Pentair website https://xflow.pentair.com/en/spectrum/membrane-technology-in-general/tubular-membranes, believed to be publicly available Sep. 2021; 1 page. [cited by applicant]
Xu, Y., et al., A Review on Polymer-Based Membranes for Gas-Liquid Membrane Contacting Processes: Current Challenges and Future Direction; Separation and Purification Technology, 2019; 229: p. 115791. [cited by applicant]
Yang, Minlin, et al.; Experimental Investigations of a Quasi-Counter Flow Parallel-Plate Membrane Contactor Used for Air Humidification; Energy and Buildings, 2014. 80: p. 640-644. [cited by applicant]
Zhang, Li-Zhi, et al.; Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer in a Counter Flow Hollow Fiber Membrane Module for Air Humidification; International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2011. 54(5): p. 1055-1063. [cited by applicant]
Zhao, Shuaifei, et al., Condensation Studies in Membrane Evaporation and Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation; Journal of Membrane Science, 2014. 462: p. 9-16. [cited by applicant]
Zhao, Shuaifei, et al., Condensation, Re-Evaporation and Associated Heat Transfer in Membrane Evaporation and Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation; Journal of Membrane Science, 2015. 475: p. 445-454. [cited by applicant]
Extended European Search Report from related European Patent Application No. 24199983.8 dated Dec. 4, 2024; 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
Chinese Office Action with machine translation from related Chinese Patent Application No. 202080043254.5 dated Mar. 29, 2024; 21 pages. [cited by applicant]
Canadian Office Action from related Canadian Patent Application No. 3,142,491 dated Nov. 7, 2023; 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
Communication under Rule 71(3) EPC from related European Patent Application No. 20819588.3 mailed May 7, 2024; 9 pages. [cited by applicant]
Office Action from related Korean Patent Application No. 2021-7043451 dated Mar. 18, 2025; 9 pages. [cited by applicant]
Notice of Reason for Refusal, with English translation from related Japanese Patent Application No. 2021-570303 dated Jul. 26, 2024; 19 pages. [cited by applicant]