Forming electrochromic stacks using at most one metallic lithium deposition station
The present disclosure describes various processes of forming an electrochromic stack using at most one metallic lithium deposition station. In some aspects, a process may include depositing metallic lithium only within an electrochromic counter-electrode of an electrochromic stack. In some aspects, a process may include using a lithium-containing ceramic counter-electrode target to form an electrochromic counter-electrode and depositing metallic lithium only within or above an electrochromic electrode of the electrochromic stack. In some embodiments, a process may include using a lithium-containing ceramic electrode target, and optionally additionally depositing metallic lithium to add mobile lithium to the electrochromic stack. In some embodiments, a process may include using a single metallic lithium deposition station to deposit metallic lithium between an ion-conducting layer and an electrochromic electrode of the electrochromic stack.
1. An electrochromic stack having a single layer of metallic lithium disposed within the electrochromic stack, the electrochromic stack comprising:
an electrochromic electrode (EC) layer formed from depositing the EC layer utilizing a lithium-containing ceramic electrode target;
an electrochromic counter-electrode (CE) layer overlying the electrochromic EC layer; and
a metallic lithium layer deposited over at least a portion of the electrochromic CE layer, wherein the metallic lithium layer is the only layer of the electrochromic stack deposited with metallic lithium.
2. The electrochromic stack of claim 1 , further comprising an ion-conducting (IC) layer disposed between the electrochromic EC layer and the electrochromic CE layer.
3. The electrochromic stack of claim 1 , wherein:
the electrochromic CE layer includes a first portion and a second portion;
the metallic lithium layer is deposited directly over the first portion of the electrochromic CE layer; and
the second portion of the electrochromic CE layer is formed directly over the metallic lithium layer.
4. The electrochromic stack of claim 3 , further comprising an ion-conducting (IC) layer disposed between the electrochromic EC layer and the first portion of the electrochromic CE layer.
5. The electrochromic stack of claim 3 , wherein the first portion of the electrochromic CE layer has a first thickness that is not less than 20 nm, and wherein the first portion of the electrochromic CE layer and the second portion of the electrochromic CE layer have a combined thickness of about 270 nm.
6. An electrochromic stack having a single layer of metallic lithium disposed within the electrochromic stack, the electrochromic stack comprising:
an electrochromic electrode (EC) layer;
an electrochromic counter-electrode (CE) layer overlying the electrochromic EC layer, the electrochromic CE layer including a first portion and a second portion;
a metallic lithium layer deposited directly over the first portion of the CE layer, wherein the metallic lithium layer is the only layer of the electrochromic stack deposited with metallic lithium; and
the second portion of the electrochromic CE layer is formed directly over the metallic lithium layer.
7. The electrochromic stack of claim 6 , wherein:
the EC layer is formed from depositing the EC layer utilizing a lithium-containing ceramic electrode target.
8. The electrochromic stack of claim 6 , further comprising an ion-conducting (IC) layer disposed between the electrochromic EC layer and the first portion of the electrochromic CE layer.
9. The electrochromic stack of claim 6 , wherein the first portion of the electrochromic CE layer has a first thickness that is not less than 20 nm, and wherein the first portion of the electrochromic CE layer and the second portion of the electrochromic CE layer have a combined thickness of about 270 nm.
10. The electrochromic stack of claim 6 , wherein the CE layer comprises a NiWO x material.
11. An electrochromic stack, comprising:
an electrochromic electrode (EC) layer formed from depositing the EC layer utilizing a lithium-containing ceramic electrode target; and
an electrochromic counter-electrode (CE) layer overlying the electrochromic EC layer, the CE layer formed from depositing the CE layer utilizing a lithium-containing ceramic counter-electrode target.
12. The electrochromic stack of claim 11 , further comprising an ion-conducting (IC) layer disposed between the electrochromic EC layer and the electrochromic CE layer.
13. The electrochromic stack of claim 11 , further comprising:
a metallic lithium layer deposited over the electrochromic EC layer, wherein the metallic lithium layer is the only layer of the electrochromic stack deposited with metallic lithium.
14. The electrochromic stack of claim 11 , further comprising:
a metallic lithium layer deposited over the electrochromic CE layer, wherein the metallic lithium layer is the only layer of the electrochromic stack deposited with metallic lithium.
15. The electrochromic stack of claim 11 , wherein the electrochromic stack includes no metallic lithium layer.
16. An electrochromic stack having a single layer of metallic lithium disposed within the electrochromic stack, the electrochromic stack comprising:
an electrochromic electrode (EC) layer;
an electrochromic counter-electrode (CE) layer overlying EC layer; and
a metallic lithium layer deposited between at least a portion of the electrochromic EC layer and the electrochromic CE layer, wherein the metallic lithium layer is the only layer of the electrochromic stack deposited with metallic lithium.
17. The electrochromic stack of claim 16 , further comprising an ion-conducting (IC) layer disposed between the electrochromic EC layer and the electrochromic CE layer.
18. The electrochromic stack of claim 16 , wherein:
the electrochromic EC layer includes a first portion and a second portion;
the metallic lithium layer is deposited directly over the first portion of the electrochromic EC layer; and
the second portion of the electrochromic EC layer is formed directly over the metallic lithium layer.
19. The electrochromic stack of claim 18 , further comprising an ion-conducting (IC) layer disposed between the second portion of the electrochromic EC layer and the electrochromic CE layer.
20. The electrochromic stack of claim 18 , wherein the first portion of the electrochromic EC layer has a first thickness that is not less than 20 nm, and wherein the first portion of the electrochromic EC layer and the second portion of the electrochromic EC layer have a combined thickness of about 400 nm.