MEMS resonator
Multiple degenerately-doped silicon layers are implemented within resonant structures to control multiple orders of temperature coefficients of frequency.
1. A method of fabricating an integrated circuit, the method comprising:
forming a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) structure so as to have a layer of doped, crystal silicon; and
providing for two electrodes, including an electrode operable to induce the body to vibrate at a resonance frequency and an electrode operable to sense the resonance frequency, wherein the resonance frequency is characterized as having each of a first-order temperature-dependent variation and a second-order temperature-dependent variation;
wherein forming comprises fabricating the MEMS structure such that an angular relationship between a crystallographic axis of the doped, crystal silicon, and such that at least one of dopant type, dopant concentration, and thickness of the layer of doped, single-crystal silicon, are selected so as to provide an absolute value of the first-order temperature-dependent variation and an absolute value of the second-order temperature-dependent variation that are each less than a predetermined level over a temperature range of at least one hundred degrees Celsius.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the layer of doped, crystal silicon is predominantly single-crystal silicon layer, and wherein forming comprises degenerately doping the predominantly single-crystal silicon layer with phosphorus.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein forming comprises epitaxially-growing the silicon of the layer of doped, crystal silicon and doping the silicon so as to have a uniform dopant concentration.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the temperature range encompasses −45 degrees Celsius and +85 degrees Celsius, wherein the angular relationship and the at least one are selected such that the absolute value of the first-order temperature-dependent variation is less than a target parts-per-million (PPM) value of the resonance frequency and such that the absolute value of the second-order temperature-dependent variation is less than the target PPM value of the resonance frequency.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein forming comprises forming the body so as to also have a piezoelectric layer.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein:
the piezoelectric layer comprises an aluminum nitride (AIN) material layer;
the AIN material layer and the doped, crystal silicon layer each are characterized as having a respective contribution to the second-order temperature-dependent variation; and
forming comprises configuring the doped, crystal silicon layer, in terms of one or more of angular relationship , the dopant type, the dopant concentration, the layer thickness, such that the contribution of the doped, crystal silicon layer has a parabolic characteristic that is inverted relative to the contribution of the AIN material layer, and such that the net second-order temperature-dependent of the body from both of the AIN material layer and the doped, crystal silicon layer is less than 10 parts-per-million (PPM) throughout an operating temperature range of negative forty-five degrees Celsius through positive eighty-five degrees Celsius.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein forming further comprises modifying as design of the body by performing one of adding material to the body and removing material from the body so as to adjust at least one frequency-related characteristic of the MEMS structure.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein:
the method further comprises encapsulating the body within a chamber of the integrated circuit; and
modifying the body is performed after the encapsulating.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein:
forming comprises forming the body on a MEMS die; and
the method further comprises electrically coupling the two electrodes with a circuits die, the circuits die to provide at least one actuation signal to drive the vibration of the body and to generate, from a signal from the MEMS die representing the resonance frequency, an output timing signal, the integrated circuit thereby being configured to operate as an oscillator integrated circuit.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein forming further comprises forming each of an anchor and a tether that couples the anchor to the body, in a manner such that each of the anchor and the tether have a first degenerately-doped silicon layer and a second degenerately-doped silicon layer, with an aluminum nitride material layer therebetween, such that the first degenerately-doped silicon layer of the anchor and the tether forms part of a first one of the two electrodes and such that the second degenerately- doped silicon layer of the anchor and the tether forms part of a second one of the two electrodes, each in absence of a metal electrode layer extending between the anchor and the body.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein forming the MEMS structure further comprises:
forming a lid layer in a manner so as to, relative to a substrate, hermetically seal the body relative to an atmosphere outside the integrated circuit; and
forming a first through-layer via in conductive relationship with a first one of the two electrodes and a second through-layer via in conductive relationship with one of the two electrodes, such that each through-layer via traverses a same one of the lid layer and the substrate.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein forming the MEMS structure comprises forming the body to have a cross-sectional area and such that the cross-sectional area is centrally-anchored relative to at least one of a lid or a substrate.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein forming the MEMS structure comprises forming the MEMS structure to be a plate resonator.
14. A method of fabricating an integrated circuit, the method comprising:
forming, as part of a first die, a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) structure so as to have a layer of doped, crystal silicon; and
providing for two electrodes in the first die, including an electrode operable to induce the body to vibrate at a resonance frequency and an electrode operable to sense the resonance frequency, wherein the resonance frequency is characterized as having each of a first-order temperature-dependent variation and a second-order temperature-dependent variation; and
electrically coupling the first die with a second die, the second die to provide at least one actuation signal to one of the two electrodes to drive the vibration of the body and to generate, from a signal provided by one of the two electrodes, an output timing signal as a function of the resonance frequency, the integrated circuit thereby being configured to operate as an oscillator integrated circuit;
wherein forming comprises fabricating the MEMS structure such that an angular relationship between a crystallographic axis of the doped, crystal silicon, and such that at least one of dopant type, dopant concentration, and thickness of the layer of doped, single-crystal silicon, are selected so as to provide an absolute value of the first-order temperature-dependent variation and an absolute value of the second-order temperature-dependent variation that are each less than a predetermined level over a temperature range of at least one hundred degrees Celsius.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the layer of doped, crystal silicon is predominantly poly-crystal silicon layer, and wherein forming comprises degenerately doping the predominantly poly-crystal silicon layer with phosphorus.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein:
forming comprises doping a layer of crystal silicon so as to have a uniform dopant concentration;
the temperature range encompasses - 45 degrees Celsius and + 85 degrees Celsius; and
the angular relationship and the at least one are selected such that the absolute value of the first-order temperature-dependent variation is less than a target parts-per-million (PPM) value of the resonance frequency and such that the absolute value of the second-order temperature-dependent variation is less than ten PPM of the resonance frequency.
17. The method of claim 14 wherein:
forming comprises forming the body so as to also have a piezoelectric layer;
the piezoelectric layer and the doped, crystal silicon layer each are characterized as having a respective contribution to the second-order temperature-dependent variation; and
forming comprises configuring the doped, crystal silicon layer, in terms of one or more of angular relationship , the dopant type, the dopant concentration, the layer thickness, such that the contribution of the doped, crystal silicon layer has a parabolic characteristic that is inverted relative to the contribution of the piezoelectric layer, and such that the net second-order temperature-dependent variation of the MEMS structure is less than 10 parts-per-million (PPM) throughout an operating temperature range of negative forty-five degrees Celsius through positive eighty-five degrees Celsius.
18. The method of claim 14 wherein forming the MEMS structure comprises forming the body to have a cross-sectional area and such that the cross-sectional area is centrally-anchored relative to at least one of a lid or a substrate.
19. The method of claim 14 wherein forming the MEMS structure comprises forming the MEMS structure to be a plate resonator.
20. A method of fabricating an integrated circuit, the method comprising:
forming, as part of a first die, a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) structure so as to have a layer of doped, crystal silicon, wherein forming further comprises providing a lid layer so as to, relative to a substrate, hermetically seal the body relative to an atmosphere outside the first die, and forming a first through-layer via in conductive relationship with a first one of the two electrodes and a second through-layer via in conductive relationship with one of the two electrodes, such that each through-layer via traverses a same one of the lid layer and the substrate; and
wherein forming comprises providing for two electrodes in the first die, including an electrode coupled to the first through-layer via and operable to induce the body to vibrate at a resonance frequency and an electrode coupled to the second-through-layer via and operable to sense the resonance frequency, wherein the resonance frequency is characterized as having each of a first-order temperature-dependent variation and a second-order temperature-dependent variation; and
electrically coupling the first through-layer via and the second through-layer view with a second die, the second die to provide at least one actuation signal to one of the two electrodes to drive the vibration of the body and to generate, from a signal provided by one of the two electrodes, an output timing signal as a function of the resonance frequency, the integrated circuit thereby being configured to operate as an oscillator integrated circuit;
wherein forming comprises fabricating the MEMS structure such that an angular relationship between a crystallographic axis of the doped, crystal silicon, and such that at least one of dopant type, dopant concentration, and thickness of the layer of doped, single-crystal silicon, are selected so as to provide an absolute value of the first-order temperature-dependent variation and an absolute value of the second-order temperature-dependent variation that are each less than a predetermined level over the temperature range of at least one hundred degrees Celsius.