Fabrication of metallic parts by additive manufacturing
Disclosed are methods for fabricating three-dimensional objects including providing a dry powder bed containing a powder comprising a plurality of substantially spherical composite particles each comprising a mixture and/or alloy of constituent metals, (i) the particles have a Hall flow rate ranging from approximately 1 s/50 g to approximately 25 s/50 g, and (ii) an outer surface of each of the particles comprises a plurality of grains, each grain being surrounded by a matrix, the grains comprising the first constituent metal, and the matrix comprising the one or more second constituent metals; forming a first layer of a shaped part; disposing a layer of the particles over the first layer of the shaped part; forming subsequent layers of the shaped part; and sintering the shaped part to form the three-dimensional object.
1 . A method of fabricating a three-dimensional object, the method comprising:
providing a dry powder bed containing a powder comprising a plurality of substantially spherical composite particles each comprising a mixture and/or alloy of a first constituent metal and one or more second constituent metals, wherein (i) the particles have a Hall flow rate ranging from approximately 1 s/50 g to approximately 25 s/50 g, and (ii) an outer surface of each of the particles comprises a plurality of grains, each grain being surrounded by a matrix, the grains comprising the first constituent metal, and the matrix comprising the one or more second constituent metals;
forming a first layer of a shaped part by (i) dispersing a binder into the powder bed, and (ii) curing the binder, the first layer of the shaped part comprising particles bound together by cured binder;
disposing a layer of the particles over the first layer of the shaped part;
forming subsequent layers of the shaped part by (i) dispersing binder over the particles, and (ii) curing the binder, additional particles being disposed over the shaped part between layers; and
sintering the shaped part to form the three-dimensional object.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first constituent metal is selected from the list consisting of tungsten, niobium, tantalum, rhenium, molybdenum, iron, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, palladium, zirconium, and yttrium.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein each second constituent metal is different from the first constituent metal and selected from the list consisting of tungsten, niobium, tantalum, rhenium, molybdenum, iron, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, palladium, zirconium, and yttrium.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein each second constituent metal is different from the first constituent metal and selected from the list consisting of tungsten, niobium, tantalum, rhenium, molybdenum, iron, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, palladium, zirconium, and yttrium.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the particles comprises 90% or more of the first constituent metal.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first constituent metal is tungsten.
7 . The method of claim 6 , wherein the one or more second constituent metals comprise at least one of nickel, iron, or cobalt.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the particles have a particle-size distribution d10 between 2 microns and 8 microns, d50 between 15 microns and 25 microns, and d90 between 50 microns and 70 microns, wherein a particle-size distribution dX of Y denotes that X % of particles have a size less than Y.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein a bulk density of the powder is approximately 45% or more of the theoretical density.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the bulk density of the powder is approximately 65% or less of the theoretical density.
11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein a concentration, within the particles, of at least one of sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, or antimony is less than 10 ppm.
12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the shaped part is sintered in a hydrogen-containing atmosphere.
13 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the shaped part is sintered at a temperature ranging between approximately 1400° C. and approximately 1500° C.
14 . The method of claim 1 , wherein, during formation of each layer of the shaped part, the binder is cured via application of at least one of light or heat.
15 . A method of fabricating a three-dimensional object, the method comprising:
(a) providing a wire preform comprising a tube, and, disposed within the tube, a plurality of composite particles each comprising a mixture and/or alloy of a first constituent metal and one or more second constituent metals, wherein (i) each second constituent metal is different from the first constituent metal, (ii) an outer surface of each of the particles comprises a plurality of grains, each grain being surrounded by a matrix, the grains comprising the first constituent metal, and the matrix comprising the one or more second constituent metals;
(b) reducing a diameter of the wire preform to form a wire;
(c) translating a tip of the wire relative to a platform;
(d) there during, melting a tip of the wire with an energy source to form a molten bead, whereby the bead cools to form at least a portion of a layer of the three-dimensional object; and
(e) repeating steps (c) and (d) one or more times to produce the three-dimensional object.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the first constituent metal is selected from the list consisting of tungsten, niobium, tantalum, rhenium, molybdenum, iron, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, palladium, zirconium, and yttrium.
17 . The method of claim 16 , wherein each second constituent metal is selected from the list consisting of tungsten, niobium, tantalum, rhenium, molybdenum, iron, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, palladium, zirconium, and yttrium.
18 . The method of claim 15 , wherein each second constituent metal is selected from the list consisting of tungsten, niobium, tantalum, rhenium, molybdenum, iron, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, palladium, zirconium, and yttrium.
19 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the first constituent metal is tungsten.
20 . The method of claim 19 , wherein the one or more second constituent metals comprise at least one of nickel, iron, or cobalt.