Low resistance photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS)
A light controlled semiconductor switch (LCSS), method of making, and method of using are provided. In embodiments, a vertical LCSS includes: a semiconductor body including a photoactive layer of gallium nitride (GaN) doped with carbon; a first electrode in contact with a first surface of the semiconductor body, the first electrode defining an area through which light energy from at least one light source can impinge on the first surface; and a second electrode in contact with a second surface of the semiconductor body opposed to the first surface, wherein the vertical LCSS is configured to switch from a non-conductive off-state to a conductive on-state when the light energy impinging on the semiconductor body is sufficient to raise electrons within the photoactive layer into a conduction band of the photoactive layer.
1. A vertical light controlled semiconductor switch (LCSS) comprising:
a semiconductor body including a photoactive layer of gallium nitride (GaN) doped with carbon;
a first electrode in contact with a first surface of the semiconductor body, the first electrode defining an area through which light energy from at least one light source can impinge on the first surface; and
a second electrode in contact with a second surface of the semiconductor body opposed to the first surface, wherein the LCSS is configured to switch from a non-conductive off-state to a conductive on-state when the light energy impinging on the semiconductor body is sufficient to raise electrons within the photoactive layer into a conduction band of the photoactive layer.
2. The vertical LCSS of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor body includes a substrate selected from the group consisting of GaN, gallium oxide and silicon carbide (SiC).
3. The vertical LCSS of claim 1 , wherein the LCSS has a specific resistance in the on-state of less than 20 mohm-centimeters squared (mΩ-cm 2 ).
4. The vertical LCSS of claim 1 , wherein the LCSS has a blocking voltage more than 100 V in the off-state.
5. The vertical LCSS of claim 1 , wherein the area comprises at least a portion of the first electrode, and the first electrode is transparent to the light energy.
6. The vertical LCSS of claim 1 , wherein the area comprises an opening defined by the first electrode through which the light energy can pass.
7. The vertical LCSS of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor body is configured such that a third surface of the semiconductor body is exposed to light from the at least one light source or one or more other light sources.
8. The vertical LCSS of claim 1 , wherein the carbon is present within the photoactive layer at a dopant concentration of less than 10 18 per cubic centimeter (cm −3 ).
9. The vertical LCSS of claim 1 , wherein the photoactive layer has a thickness of less than 100 microns (μm) throughout which free excess electron carriers are generated in the on-state.
10. A method of using a vertical light controlled semiconductor switch (LCSS) including a semiconductor body having a photoactive layer of gallium nitride (GaN) doped with carbon and a substrate layer, a first electrode in contact with a first surface of the semiconductor body, and a second electrode in contact with a second surface of the semiconductor body opposed to the first surface, the method comprising:
applying a voltage to the first and second electrodes to generate an electric field within the semiconductor body; and
applying light energy from a light source to at least the first surface of the semiconductor body, wherein the light energy is sufficient to raise electrons within the photoactive layer above a bandgap energy of the photoactive layer, thereby switching the vertical LCSS from a non-conductive off-state to a conductive on-state.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the substrate layer is selected from the group consisting of: GaN, gallium oxide, and silicon carbide (SiC).
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the vertical LCSS has a specific resistance in the on-state of less than 20 mohm-centimeters squared (mΩ-cm 2 ).
13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the vertical LCSS has a blocking voltage of more than 100 V in the off-state.
14. The method of claim 10 , wherein the first electrode is transparent to the light energy.
15. The method of claim 10 , wherein the first electrode defines an opening through which the light energy impinges on the first surface of the semiconductor body.
16. The method of claim 10 , wherein applying the light energy comprises applying the light energy from at least one additional light source to a third surface of the semiconductor body.
17. The method of claim 10 , wherein the carbon is present within the photoactive layer at a dopant concentration in a range of 10 17 per cubic centimeter (cm −3 ) to 10 18 per cubic centimeter (cm −3 ).
18. The method of claim 10 , wherein the photoactive layer has a thickness of 50 microns (μm).
19. A method of making a vertical light controlled semiconductor switch (LCSS) comprising:
depositing a photoactive layer of gallium nitride (GaN) doped with carbon on a crystalline substrate to form a semiconductor body;
depositing a first electrode in contact with a first surface of the semiconductor body, the first electrode defining an area through which light energy from at least one light source can impinge on the first surface; and
depositing a second electrode in contact with a second surface of the crystalline substrate opposed to the first surface, wherein the vertical LCSS is configured to switch from a non-conductive off-state to a conductive on-state when light energy impinging on the semiconductor body is sufficient to raise electrons within the photoactive layer above a bandgap energy of the photoactive layer.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein depositing the photoactive layer of GaN doped with carbon on the crystalline substrate to form the semiconductor body comprises a metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of GaN doped with carbon on the crystalline substrate selected from the group consisting of: silicon carbide (SiC), gallium oxide, and GaN.