IP Library Granted Patent US 12,428,425
Granted Patent B2
US 12,428,425 · App. 18/472,147 · Granted Sep 30, 2025

Heterocyclic compounds as triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 agonists and methods of use

Inventors: Lara C. Czabaniuk (Thousand Oaks, CA); Timothy Hopper (Thousand Oaks, CA); Jonathan B. Houze (Cambridge, MA); Jane Panteleev (Thousand Oaks, CA); Gwenaella Rescourio (Thousand Oaks, CA); Vincent Santora (Thousand Oaks, CA); Haoxuan Wang (Thousand Oaks, CA); Ryan D. White (Thousand Oaks, CA); Alice R. Wong (Thousand Oaks, CA); Yongwei Wu (Thousand Oaks, CA); Maxence Bos (Saint-Laurent, CA); John Mancuso (Saint-Laurent, CA); Ivan Franzoni (Saint-Laurent, CA)
Assignees: AMGEN INC.; VIGIL NEUROSCIENCE, INC.
C07D487/04A61K31/4985A61K31/5377A61P25/28C07D413/14C07D471/04C07D475/00
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,428,425
App. No.
18/472,147
Granted
Sep 30, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

The present disclosure provides compounds of Formula I, useful for the activation of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (“TREM2”). This disclosure also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, uses of the compounds, and compositions for treatment of, for example, a neurodegenerative disorder. Further, the disclosure provides intermediates useful in the synthesis of compounds of Formula I.

Claims (33)

1. A method of treating Parkinson's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, Nasu-Hakola disease, multiple sclerosis, or stroke in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from:

or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:

or a tautomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease or condition is Alzheimer's disease.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disease or condition is Nasu-Hakola disease.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound or tautomer thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer is administered as a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and the compound or tautomer thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound or said tautomer.

Assignments (4)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Aug 12, 2024
From: HOUZE, JONATHAN B.
To: VIGIL NEUROSCIENCE, INC.
Reel/Frame 068247/0283 →
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Aug 12, 2024
From: BOS, MAXENCE; MANCUSO, JOHN; FRANZONI, IVAN
To: NUCHEM THERAPEUTICS INC.
Reel/Frame 068247/0675 →
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Aug 12, 2024
From: CZABANIUK, LARA C.; HOPPER, TIMOTHY; PANTELEEV, JANE; RESCOURIO, GWENAELLA; SANTORA, VINCENT; WANG, HAOXUAN; WHITE, RYAN D.; WONG, ALICE R.; WU, YONGWEI
To: AMGEN INC.
Reel/Frame 068550/0673 →
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Aug 12, 2024
From: NUCHEM THERAPEUTICS INC.
To: VIGIL NEUROSCIENCE, INC.
Reel/Frame 068550/0744 →
Continuity (6)
Continuation 18072505 · Nov 30, 2022
Continuation 18072501 · Nov 30, 2022
Continuation 17302502 · May 4, 2021
Continuation 17302502 · May 4, 2021
Provisional Application 63019772 · May 4, 2020
Related Publication 20240182477A1 · Jun 6, 2024
References Cited (188)
US 2940972A · Roch · 1960 [cited by applicant]
US 2963481A · Grannells et al. · 1960 [cited by applicant]
US 3712892A · Inaba et al. · 1973 [cited by applicant]
US 5620978A · Cai et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 7521455B2 · Nagase et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7582366B2 · Hwang et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7635683B2 · Gai et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 8084459B2 · Kok et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8298825B1 · Hochedlinger et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8722692B2 · Che et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 9905773B2 · Park et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10403826B2 · Dyatkin et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10573692B2 · Lim et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 11608344B2 · Czabaniuk et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 11718617B2 · Czabaniuk et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 11884675B2 · Czabaniuk et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 11912711B2 · Czabaniuk et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20020161014A1 · Sadhu et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20050096327A1 · Caprathe et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 20070225271A1 · Binggeli et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20090099174A1 · Smith et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20110124638A1 · Duggan et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20130012489A1 · Mederski et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20140342924A1 · Harkin et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20160272632A1 · Childers et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20190343838A1 · Allen et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20200048207A1 · Parham et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200075870A1 · Boudreault et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20200275661A1 · Tamai et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20210070792A1 · Shih et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20230002390A1 · Czabaniuk et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230144581A1 · Czabaniuk et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230295169A1 · Czabaniuk et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20230295170A1 · Czabaniuk et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
US 20240124446A1 · Czabaniuk et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20240190863A1 · Czabaniuk et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
CN 103374021B · 2015 [cited by applicant]
CN 102887895B · 2016 [cited by applicant]
CN 109265457A · 2019 [cited by applicant]
CN 110283171A · 2019 [cited by applicant]
CN 111454265A · 2020 [cited by applicant]
CN 108484680B · 2020 [cited by applicant]
EP 3229290A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
IN 2009MU01140A · 2010 [cited by applicant]
JP H05170744A · 1993 [cited by applicant]
JP 2003005355A · 2003 [cited by applicant]
JP 2008531538A · 2008 [cited by applicant]
JP 2010526138A · 2010 [cited by applicant]
JP 2020505454A · 2020 [cited by applicant]
KR 2015080966A · 2015 [cited by applicant]
KR 2016060572A · 2016 [cited by applicant]
KR 2018107604A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
KR 2018116822A · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO1999021840A1 · 1999 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2002058695A1 · 2002 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2004031161A1 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2004055013A1 · 2004 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2005007099A2 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2005039587A1 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2005087742A1 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2006039718A2 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2006128129A2 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2006128172A2 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2007038331A2 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2007103759A2 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2008003149A2 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2008130600A2 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2009100406A2 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2010033906A2 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2010042925A2 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2010107768A1 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2011014039A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2011037731A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2011053861A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2011119565A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2011156889A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013117615A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2015017335A1 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2015086523A1 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2016166078A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2017025164A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2017031427A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2017181177A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2018066812A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2018067704A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2018108110A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2018169352A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2018183923A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2018195450A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2018204765A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2018227228A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2019079596A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2019079607A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2020231739A2 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021224802A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021225968A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2021226629A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2023137265A1 · 2023 [cited by applicant]
Ninds, Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease Information Page, <www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cjd/cjd.htm> Accessed Aug. 11, 2012. [cited by examiner]
“SID 378004572 Substance Record: 1265848-98-3,” PubChem. Available Jan. 17, 2019: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/378004572. [cited by applicant]
“SID 396338721 Substance Record,” PubChem. Available Dec. 6, 2019: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/396338721. [cited by applicant]
Bergner, et al., “Microglia damage precedes major myelin breakdown in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and metachromatic leukodystrophy,” Glia. Jun. 2019;67(6):1196-1209. [cited by applicant]
Bianchin, et al., “Nasu-Hakola disease (polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy—PLOSL): a dementia associated with bone cystic lesions. From clinical to genetic and molecular aspects… [cited by applicant]
Bianchin, et al., “Nasu-Hakola disease and primary microglial dysfunction,” Nat Rev Neurol. Sep. 2010;6(9):2 p following 523. [cited by applicant]
Cantoni, et al., “TREM2 regulates microglial cell activation in response to demyelination in vivo,” Acta Neuropathol. Mar. 2015; 129(3):429-47. [cited by applicant]
Colonna and Butovsky, “Microglia Function in the Central Nervous System During Health and Neurodegeneration” Annu Rev Immunol. Apr. 26, 2017;35:441-468. [cited by applicant]
Condello, et al., “Microglia constitute a barrier that prevents neurotoxic protofibrillar A(beta)42 hotspots around plaques,” Nat Commun. Jan. 29, 2015;6:6176. [cited by applicant]
Cserép, et al., “Microglia monitor and protect neuronal function through specialized somatic purinergic junctions,” Science. Jan. 31, 2020;367(6477):528-537. [cited by applicant]
Dardiotis, et al., “A novel mutation in TREM2 gene causing Nasu-Hakola disease and review of the literature,” Neurobiol Aging. May 2017;53:194.e13-194.e22. [cited by applicant]
Deming, et al., “The MS4A gene cluster is a key modulator of soluble TREM2 and Alzheimer's disease risk,” Sci Transl Med. Aug. 14, 2019;11(505):eaau2291. [cited by applicant]
Doens and Fernández, “Microglia receptors and their implications in the response to amyloid beta for Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis,” J Neuroinflammation. Mar. 13, 2014;11:48. [cited by applicant]
Domingues, et al., “Oligodendrocyte, Astrocyte, and Microglia Crosstalk in Myelin Development, Damage, and Repair,” Front Cell Dev Biol. Jun. 28, 2016;4:71. [cited by applicant]
Ewers, et al., “Increased soluble TREM2 in cerebrospinal fluid is associated with reduced cognitive and clinical decline in Alzheimer's disease,” Sci Transl Med. Aug. 28, 2019;11(507):eaav6221. [cited by applicant]
Filipello, et al., “The Microglial Innate Immune Receptor TREM2 Is Required for Synapse Elimination and Normal Brain Connectivity,” Immunity. May 15, 2018;48(5):979-991.e8. [cited by applicant]
Golde, et al., “Alzheimer's disease risk alleles in TREM2 illuminate innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease,” Alzheimers Res Ther. May 21, 2013;5(3):24. [cited by applicant]
Gong, et al., “Microglial dysfunction as a key pathological change in adrenomyeloneuropathy,” Ann Neurol. Nov. 2017;82(5):813-27. [cited by applicant]
Guerreiro, et al., “TREM2 variants in Alzheimer's disease,” N Engl J Med. Jan. 10, 2013;368(2):117-27. [cited by applicant]
Guerreiro, et al., “Using exome sequencing to reveal mutations in TREM2 presenting as a frontotemporal dementia-like syndrome without bone involvement,” JAMA Neurol. Jan. 2013;70(1):78-84. [cited by applicant]
Guo, et al., “TREM2 deficiency aggravates ?-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease models,” FASEB J. Nov. 2019;33(11):12164-12174. [cited by applicant]
Hickman and El Khoury, “Analysis of the Microglial Sensome,” Methods Mol Biol. 2019;2034:305-323. [cited by applicant]
Hickman, et al., “Microglia in neurodegeneration,” Nat Neurosci. Oct. 2018;21(10):1359-1369. [cited by applicant]
Hickman, et al., “Microglia in neurodegeneration,” Nat Neurosci. 2018;21(10):1359-1369. [cited by applicant]
Hickman, et al., “The microglial sensome revealed by direct RNA sequencing,” Nat Neurosci. Oct. 27, 2013;16(12):1896-1905. [cited by applicant]
Hollingworth, et al., “Common variants at ABCA7, MS4A6A/MS4A4E, EPHA1, CD33 and CD2AP are associated with Alzheimer's disease,” Nat Genet. May 2011;43(5):429-35. [cited by applicant]
Hong, et al., “New insights on the role of microglia in synaptic pruning in health and disease,” Curr Opin Neurobiol. Feb. 2016;36:128-34. [cited by applicant]
Hori, et al., “Novel 4-phenoxy-2-(1-piperazinyl)quinazolines as potent anticonvulsive and antihypoxic agents,” Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). Mar. 1990;38(3):681-7. [cited by applicant]
Huang and Pope, “The role of toll-like receptors in rheumatoid arthritis,” Curr Rheumatol Rep. Oct. 2009; 11(5):357-64. [cited by applicant]
Ikegami, et al., “Microglia: Lifelong modulator of neural circuits,” Neuropathology. Jun. 2019;39(3):173-180. [cited by applicant]
Jaitin, et al., “Lipid-Associated Macrophages Control Metabolic Homeostasis in a Trem2-Dependent Manner,” Cell. Jul. 25, 2019;178(3):686-698.e14. [cited by applicant]
Jay, et al., “TREM2 deficiency eliminates TREM2+ inflammatory macrophages and ameliorates pathology in Alzheimer's disease mouse models,” J Exp Med. Mar. 9, 2015;212(3):287-95. [cited by applicant]
Jay, et al., “TREM2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases,” Mol Neurodegener. Aug. 2, 2017;12(1):56. [cited by applicant]
Jonsson, et al., “Variant of TREM2 associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease,” N Engl J Med. Jan. 10, 2013;368(2):107-16. [cited by applicant]
Kang, et al., “Behavioral and transcriptomic analysis of Trem2-null mice: not all knockout mice are created equal,” Hum Mol Genet. Jan. 15, 2018;27(2):211-223. [cited by applicant]
Keren-Shaul, et al., “A Unique Microglia Type Associated with Restricting Development of Alzheimer's Disease,” Cell. Jun. 15, 2017;169(7):1276-1290.e17. [cited by applicant]
Kim, et al., “Deficient autophagy in microglia impairs synaptic pruning and causes social behavioral defects,” Mol Psychiatry. Nov. 2017;22(11):1576-1584. [cited by applicant]
Kleinberger, et al., “TREM2 mutations implicated in neurodegeneration impair cell surface transport and phagocytosis,” Sci Transl Med. Jul. 2, 2014;6(243):243ra86. [cited by applicant]
Kobayashi, et al., “TREM2/DAP12 Signal Elicits Proinflammatory Response in Microglia and Exacerbates Neuropathic Pain,” J Neurosci. Oct. 26, 2016;36(43):11138-11150. [cited by applicant]
Kober and Brett, “TREM2-Ligand Interactions in Health and Disease,” J Mol Biol. Jun. 2, 2017;429(11):1607-1629. [cited by applicant]
Konno, et al., “CSFIR-related leukoencephalopathy: A major player in primary microgliopathies”, Neurology, Dec. 11, 2018;91(24):1092-1104. [cited by applicant]
Lee, et al., “Elevated TREM2 Gene Dosage Reprograms Microglia Responsivity and Ameliorates Pathological Phenotypes in Alzheimer's Disease Models,” Neuron. Mar. 7, 2018;97(5):1032-1048.e5. [cited by applicant]
Leyns, et al., “TREM2 function impedes tau seeding in neuritic plaques,” Nat Neurosci. Aug. 2019;22(8):1217-1222. [cited by applicant]
Li and Barres, “Microglia and macrophages in brain homeostasis and disease,” Nat Rev Immunol. Apr. 2018;18(4):225-242. [cited by applicant]
Liddelow, et al., “Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia,” Nature. Jan. 26, 2017;541(7638):481-487. [cited by applicant]
Madry and Attwell, “Receptors, ion channels, and signaling mechanisms underlying microglial dynamics,” J Biol Chem. May 15, 2015;290(20):12443-50. [cited by applicant]
Madry, et al., “Nasu-Hakola disease (PLOSL): report of five cases and review of the literature,” Clin Orthop Relat Res. Jan. 2007;454:262-9. [cited by applicant]
Oosterhof, et al., “Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSFIR) Regulates Microglia Density and Distribution, but Not Microglia Differentiation In Vivo,” Cell Rep. Jul. 31, 2018;24(5):1203-1217. [cited by applicant]
Otero, et al., “TREM2 and beta-catenin regulate bone homeostasis by controlling the rate of osteoclastogenesis,” J Immunol. Mar. 15, 2012;188(6):2612-21. [cited by applicant]
Paloneva, et al., “DAP12/TREM2 deficiency results in impaired osteoclast differentiation and osteoporotic features,” J Exp Med. Aug. 18, 2003;198(4):669-75. [cited by applicant]
Paolicelli, et al., “Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development,” Science. Sep. 9, 2011;333(6048):1456-8. [cited by applicant]
Parhizkar, et al., “Loss of TREM2 function increases amyloid seeding but reduces plaque-associated ApoE,” Nat Neurosci. Feb. 2019;22(2):191-204. [cited by applicant]
PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion from PCT/US2021/030719, dated Aug. 20, 2021. [cited by applicant]
PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion from PCT/US2021/070507 dated Jun. 30, 2021. [cited by applicant]
PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion from PCT?US2022/072095, dated Aug. 25, 2022. [cited by applicant]
Peng, et al., “TREM2- and DAP12-dependent activation of PI3K requires DAP10 and is inhibited by SHIP1,” Sci Signal. May 18, 2010;3(122):ra38. [cited by applicant]
Rademakers, et al., “Mutations in the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSFIR) gene cause hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids,” Nat Genet. 2012;44(2):200-5. [cited by applicant]
Schlepckow, et al., “Enhancing Protective Microglial Activities With a Dual Function TREM2 Antibody to the Stalk Region,” EMBO Mol Med. Apr. 7, 2020;12(4):e11227. [cited by applicant]
Sellgren, et al., “Increased synapse elimination by microglia in schizophrenia patient-derived models of synaptic pruning,” Nat Neurosci. Mar. 2019;22(3):374-385. [cited by applicant]
Shinozaki, et al., “Transformation of Astrocytes to a Neuroprotective Phenotype by Microglia via P2Y1 Receptor Downregulation,” Cell Rep. May 9, 2017;19(6):1151-1164. [cited by applicant]
Shirotani, et al., “Aminophospholipids are signal-transducing TREM2 ligands on apoptotic cells,” Sci Rep. May 17, 2019;9(1):7508. [cited by applicant]
Sims, et al., “Rare coding variants in PLCG2, ABI3, and TREM2 implicate microglial-mediated innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease,” Nat Genet. Sep. 2017;49(9):1373-1384. [cited by applicant]
Spangenberg, et al., “Sustained microglial depletion with CSFIR inhibitor impairs parenchymal plaque development in an Alzheimer's disease model,” Nat Commun. 2019;10:3758. [cited by applicant]
Suárez-Calvet, et al., “Early increase of CSF sTREM2 in Alzheimer's disease is associated with tau related-neurodegeneration but not with amyloid-beta pathology,” Mol Neurodegener. Jan. 10, 2019;14(1):1. [cited by applicant]
Tang, et al., “Loss of mTOR-dependent macroautophagy causes autistic-like synaptic pruning deficits,” Neuron. Sep. 3, 2014;83(5):1131-43. [cited by applicant]
Ulland, et al., “TREM2 Maintains Microglial Metabolic Fitness in Alzheimer's Disease,” Cell. Aug. 10, 2017;170(4):649-663.e13. [cited by applicant]
Ulrich and Holtzman, “TREM2 Function in Alzheimer's Disease and Neurodegeneration,” ACS Chem Neurosci. Apr. 20, 2016;7(4):420-7. [cited by applicant]
Ulrich, et al., “Elucidating the Role of TREM2 in Alzheimer's Disease,” Neuron. Apr. 19, 2017;94(2):237-248. [cited by applicant]
Wang, et al., “TREM2 lipid sensing sustains the microglial response in an Alzheimer's disease model,” Cell. Mar. 12, 2015;160(6):1061-71. [cited by applicant]
Wang, et al., “Anti-human TREM2 induces microglia proliferation and reduces pathology in an Alzheimer's disease model”, J Exp Med. Sep. 7, 2020;217(9):e20200785. [cited by applicant]
Weinhofer, et al., “Impaired plasticity of macrophages in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy,” Brain. Aug. 1, 2018;141(8):2329-2342. [cited by applicant]
Wu, et al., “TREM2 protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury,” Mol Brain. Jun. 7, 2017;10(1):20. [cited by applicant]
Yeh, et al., “TREM2 Binds to Apolipoproteins, Including APOE and CLU/APOJ, and Thereby Facilitates Uptake of Amyloid-Beta by Microglia,” Neuron. Jul. 20, 2016;91(2):328-40. [cited by applicant]
Yuan, et al., “TREM2 Haplodeficiency in Mice and Humans Impairs the Microglia Barrier Function Leading to Decreased Amyloid Compaction and Severe Axonal Dystrophy,” Neuron. May 18, 2016;90(4):724-39. [cited by applicant]
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 17/923,160, inventors Czabaniuk, L., et al., filed Nov. 3, 2022 (Not yet Published). [cited by applicant]
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 18/309,281, inventors Czabaniuk, L., et al., filed Apr. 28, 2023 (Not yet Published). [cited by applicant]
Wilen, et al., “Strategies in optical resolutions,” Tetrahedron May 3, 1977; 33(21): 2725-2736. [cited by applicant]
Berge, et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J. Pharm. Sci. Jan. 1977; 66(1): 1-19. [cited by applicant]
Hayes, S., [cited by applicant]
Lieberman, H. A., et al., eds., [cited by applicant]
Kibbe, A. H., ed., [cited by applicant]
Tovey, G. D., ed., [cited by applicant]
Sorrell, T. N., [cited by applicant]
Smith, M. B., and March, J., [cited by applicant]
Jacques, J., et al., “Resolution of alcohols,” [cited by applicant]
Eliel, E. L., [cited by applicant]
Wilen, S. H., [cited by applicant]
Miller, M., et al. “Identification of ML204, a Novel Potent Antagonist That Selectively Modulates Native TRPC4/C5 Ion Channels,” J Biol Chem 286(38):33436-33446, Elsevier, Netherlands (Sep. 2011). [cited by applicant]
Stahl, P.H., and Wermuth, C.G., eds., [cited by applicant]
Zhao, H., and Jin, J., “Visible Light-Promoted Aliphatic C—H Arylation Using Selectfluor as a Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reagent,” Org Lett 21(16):6179-6184, American Chemical Society, United States (Aug. 2019). [cited by applicant]