Methods providing distributed temperature and strain measurements and related sensors
Methods providing distributed temperature and strain measurements are disclosed. Brillouin pump laser pulses having a Brillouin pump frequency are coupled into a first end of an optical fiber. Brillouin Stokes and Anti-Stokes probe laser beams are coupled into a second end of the fiber. The Stokes probe laser beam has a Stokes probe frequency. The Anti-Stokes probe laser beam has an Anti-Stokes probe frequency. The Stokes and Anti-Stokes probe frequencies and the pump frequency are included in a Brillouin frequency band. A train of Rayleigh seed pulses are coupled into the fiber. Each of the seed pulses of the train has a respective different frequency included in a Rayleigh frequency band. Frequencies of the Brillouin frequency band are coupled to a Brillouin detector, and Rayleigh backscatter signals are coupled to a Rayleigh detector. Brillouin and Rayleigh detector outputs are used to calculate the measurements. Related sensors are also disclosed.
1. A method providing temperature measurements and strain measurements distributed along an optical fiber having a first end and a second end, the method comprising:
coupling a plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses into a first end of the optical fiber, wherein each of the plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses has a Brillouin pump frequency;
coupling Brillouin Stokes and Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe laser beams into the second end of the optical fiber, wherein the Brillouin Stokes probe laser beam has a Brillouin Stokes probe frequency, wherein the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe laser beam has a Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency, and wherein the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency, the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency, and the Brillouin pump frequency are included in a Brillouin frequency band;
coupling a plurality of Rayleigh seed pulses of a Rayleigh seed pulse train into the optical fiber, wherein each of the plurality of Rayleigh seed pulses of the Rayleigh seed pulse train has a respective different frequency included in a Rayleigh frequency band, and wherein the Brillouin and Rayleigh frequency bands are mutually exclusive;
coupling frequencies included in the Brillouin frequency band from the first end of the optical fiber to a Brillouin detector;
coupling Rayleigh backscatter signals included in the Rayleigh frequency band from the optical fiber to a Rayleigh detector;
calculating the strain measurements and the temperature measurements at different positions distributed along the optical fiber based on outputs from the Brillouin detector and based on outputs from the Rayleigh detector.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses comprises first and second Brillouin pump laser pulses having orthogonal polarization states, wherein the first and second Brillouin pump laser pulses are coupled into the first end of the optical fiber during a period of time between coupling an initial and a final of the Rayleigh seed pulses so that each of the strain and temperature measurements is calculated for at least a portion of the period of time between coupling the initial and the final of the Rayleigh seed pulses.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
coupling a Brillouin Stokes local oscillator beam and a Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator beam into the second end of the optical fiber, wherein the Brillouin Stokes local oscillator beam has a Brillouin Stokes local oscillator frequency offset from the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency, wherein the Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator beam has a Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator frequency offset from the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency, and wherein the Brillouin Stokes local oscillator frequency and the Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator frequency are included in the Brillouin frequency band.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the Brillouin Stokes local oscillator frequency is between the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency and the Brillouin pump frequency, and wherein the Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator frequency is between the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency and the Brillouin pump frequency.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency is between the Brillouin Stokes local oscillator frequency and the Brillouin pump frequency, and wherein the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency is between the Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator frequency and the Brillouin pump frequency.
6. The method of claim 3 , wherein the Brillouin detector includes a Stokes photodetector and an Anti-Stokes photodetector, wherein frequencies including the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency and the Brillouin Stokes local oscillator frequency are coupled with the Stokes photodetector, wherein frequencies including the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency and the Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator frequency are coupled with the Anti-Stokes photodetector, and wherein the strain and temperature measurements are calculated based on outputs from the Stokes and Anti-Stokes photodetectors.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses interact with the Brillouin Stokes probe laser beam and the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe laser beam in the optical fiber to stimulate Brillouin scattering in the optical fiber, and wherein coupling the frequencies included in the Brillouin frequency band comprises coupling the Brillouin scattering from the first end of the optical fiber to the Brillouin detector.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein alternating ones of the plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses have orthogonal polarization states.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses and the Rayleigh seed pulses are provided with a same repetition rate and a same pulse width.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of Rayleigh seed pulses are coupled into the first end of the optical fiber, and wherein the Rayleigh backscatter signals are coupled from the first end of the fiber to the Rayleigh detector.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein calculating the strain measurements and the temperature measurements comprises,
calculating respective changes in Brillouin frequency shift corresponding to the different positions distributed along the optical fiber based on the outputs from the Brillouin detector,
calculating respective changes in Rayleigh backscattered spectrum corresponding to the different positions distributed along the optical fiber based on the outputs from the Rayleigh detector, and
calculating the strain measurements and the temperature measurements at the different positions distributed along the optical fiber based on the respective changes in Brillouin frequency shift at the different positions and the respective changes in Rayleigh backscattered spectrum at the different positions.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency corresponds to a Brillouin stokes peak and is shifted from the Brillouin pump frequency by the Brillouin frequency defined the optical fiber, and wherein the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency corresponds to a Brillouin anti-stokes peak and is shifted from the Brillouin pump frequency by the Brillouin frequency defined by the optical fiber.
13. A sensor providing temperature measurements and strain measurements, the sensor comprising:
an optical fiber having a first end and a second end;
a Brillouin signal generator configured to generate a plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses, a Brillouin Stokes probe laser beam, and a Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe laser beam, wherein each of the plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses has a Brillouin pump frequency, wherein the Brillouin Stokes probe laser beam has a Brillouin Stokes probe frequency, wherein the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe laser beam has a Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency, and wherein the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency, the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency, and the Brillouin pump frequency are included in a Brillouin frequency band;
a Rayleigh signal generator configured to generate a plurality of Rayleigh seed pulses of a Rayleigh seed pulse train, wherein each of the plurality of Rayleigh seed pulses of the Rayleigh seed pulse train has a respective different frequency included in a Rayleigh frequency band, and wherein the Brillouin and Rayleigh frequency bands are mutually exclusive;
a first coupler configured to couple the plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses and the plurality of Rayleigh seed pulses of the Rayleigh seed pulse train into the first end of the optical fiber;
a second coupler configured to couple the Brillouin Stokes and Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe laser beams into the second end of the optical fiber;
a wavelength division multiplexer coupled with the first coupler, wherein the first coupler is further configured to couple frequencies included in the Brillouin frequency band from the first end of the optical fiber to the wavelength division multiplexer and to couple Rayleigh backscatter signals included in the Rayleigh frequency band from the first end of the optical fiber to the wavelength division multiplexer;
a Brillouin detector coupled with the wavelength division multiplexer, wherein the wavelength division multiplexer is configured to couple the frequencies included in the Brillouin frequency band to the Brillouin detector;
a Rayleigh detector coupled with the wavelength division multiplexer, wherein the wavelength division multiplexer is configured to couple the Rayleigh backscatter signals included in the Rayleigh frequency band to the Rayleigh detector; and
a controller coupled with the Brillouin detector and the Rayleigh detector, wherein the controller is configured to calculate the temperature measurements and the strain measurements at different positions distributed along the optical fiber based on outputs from the Brillouin detector and based on outputs from the Rayleigh detector.
14. The sensor of claim 13 , wherein the plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses comprises first and second Brillouin pump laser pulses having orthogonal polarization states, wherein the first and second Brillouin pump laser pulses are coupled into the first end of the optical fiber during a period of time between coupling an initial and a final of the Rayleigh seed pulses so that each of the strain and temperature measurements is calculated for at least a portion of the period of time between coupling the initial and the final of the Rayleigh seed pulses.
15. The sensor of claim 13 ,
wherein the Brillouin signal generator is further configured to generate a Brillouin Stokes local oscillator beam and a Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator beam, wherein the Brillouin Stokes local oscillator beam has a Brillouin Stokes local oscillator frequency offset from the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency, wherein the Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator beam has a Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator frequency offset from the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency, and wherein the Brillouin Stokes local oscillator frequency and the Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator frequency are included in the Brillouin frequency band, and
wherein the second coupler is further configured to couple the Brillouin Stokes local oscillator beam and the Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator beam into the second end of the optical fiber.
16. The sensor of claim 15 , wherein the Brillouin Stokes local oscillator frequency is between the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency and the Brillouin pump frequency and the Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator frequency is between the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency and the Brillouin pump frequency.
17. The sensor of claim 15 , wherein the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency is between the Brillouin Stokes local oscillator frequency and the Brillouin pump frequency and the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency is between the Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator frequency and the Brillouin pump frequency.
18. The sensor of claim 15 , wherein the Brillouin detector includes a Stokes photodetector and an Anti-Stokes photodetector, wherein the wavelength division multiplexer is further configured to couple frequencies including the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency and the Brillouin Stokes local oscillator frequency to the Stokes photodetector, wherein the wavelength division multiplexer is further configured to couple frequencies including the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency and the Brillouin Anti-Stokes local oscillator frequency to the Anti-Stokes photodetector, and wherein the controller is configured to calculate the temperature measurements and the strain measurements based on outputs from the Stokes and Anti-Stokes photodetectors.
19. The sensor of claim 13 , wherein the plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses interact with the Brillouin Stokes probe laser beam and the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe laser beam in the optical fiber to stimulate Brillouin scattering in the optical fiber, wherein the first coupler is further configured to couple the Brillouin scattering from the first end of the optical fiber to the wavelength division multiplexer, and wherein the wavelength division multiplexer is further configured to couple the Brillouin scattering to the Brillouin detector.
20. The sensor of claim 13 , wherein alternating ones of the plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses have orthogonal polarization states.
21. The sensor of claim 13 , wherein the plurality of Brillouin pump laser pulses and the Rayleigh seed pulses are provided with a same repetition rate and a same pulse width.
22. The sensor of claim 13 , wherein the controller is configured to calculate the temperature measurements and the strain measurements by,
calculating respective changes in Brillouin frequency shift corresponding to the different positions distributed along the optical fiber based on the outputs from the Brillouin detector,
calculating respective changes in Rayleigh backscattered spectrum corresponding to the different positions distributed along the optical fiber based on the outputs from the Rayleigh detector, and
calculating the temperature measurements and the strain measurements at the different positions distributed along the optical fiber based on the respective changes in Brillouin frequency shift at the different positions and the respective changes in Rayleigh backscattered spectrum at the different positions.
23. The sensor of claim 13 , wherein the Brillouin Stokes probe frequency corresponds to a Brillouin stokes peak and is shifted from the Brillouin pump frequency by a Brillouin frequency defined by the optical fiber, and wherein the Brillouin Anti-Stokes probe frequency corresponds to a Brillouin anti-stokes peak and is shifted from the Brillouin pump frequency by the Brillouin frequency defined by the optical fiber.