Ammonia cracking for multi-fuel engines
A vehicle includes an engine to receive a cracked gas mixture. A cracker of the vehicle can receive ammonia and energy, crack the ammonia to form the hydrogen gas and a nitrogen gas, and convey the hydrogen gas to the engine. A controller for the vehicle can receive a predefined route for the vehicle. The controller can predict a future load demand of the vehicle based on the predefined route. The controller can adjust a flow rate of ammonia delivered to the cracker based on the future load demand.
1 . A multi-fuel vehicle comprising:
an engine configured to receive a cracked gas mixture;
a hydrogen reservoir coupled with the engine;
a cracker coupled with the hydrogen reservoir, with the hydrogen reservoir between the cracker and the engine, the cracker configured to:
receive ammonia from an ammonia storage container and energy from one or more energy sources;
crack the ammonia to form cracked gas comprising hydrogen gas and a nitrogen gas; and
convey the hydrogen gas to the hydrogen reservoir;
the one or more energy sources configured to provide the energy to the cracker; and
a controller configured to:
receive a predefined route for the multi-fuel vehicle;
predict a future load demand of the multi-fuel vehicle based on the predefined route;
determine a first quantity of hydrogen demand based on the future load demand of a time period;
determine a quantity of ammonia configured to generate the first quantity of hydrogen;
determine a flow rate of ammonia to deliver the quantity of ammonia to the cracker prior to the completion of the time period;
generate a control signal to adjust the flow rate of ammonia delivered to the cracker to generate an amount of hydrogen gas exceeding the quantity of hydrogen demand, to cause the hydrogen gas to accumulate in the hydrogen reservoir; and
provide, subsequent to the time period, a portion of the amount of hydrogen gas which exceeds the hydrogen demand to the engine, with the cracker in a non-operating state.
2 . The multi-fuel vehicle of claim 1 , wherein:
the one or more energy sources comprises a battery and exhaust heat;
the cracked gas mixture comprises a hydrocarbon fuel; and
the controller is configured to provide the energy to the cracker based on the future load demand.
3 . The multi-fuel vehicle of claim 2 , wherein the controller is configured to charge the battery based on the future load demand.
4 . The multi-fuel vehicle of claim 2 , wherein the battery is configured to receive the energy from a traction motor.
5 . The multi-fuel vehicle of claim 1 , wherein the predefined route includes an indication of a grade and a speed.
6 . The multi-fuel vehicle of claim 1 , wherein:
the multi-fuel vehicle is one locomotive of a plurality of locomotives of a locomotive consist, employing a distributed power system; and
the future load demand is based on a distribution of power between the plurality of locomotives by the distributed power system.
7 . The multi-fuel vehicle of claim 1 , wherein:
the engine is configured to receive the ammonia; and
the controller is configured to adjust a flow rate of the ammonia received by the engine based on a quantity of the hydrogen gas in the hydrogen reservoir.
8 . A method for operating an ammonia cracker in a vehicle having a hydrogen reservoir and an engine, the method comprising:
receiving, by a controller of the vehicle, a predefined route;
predicting, by the controller, a future load demand of the vehicle based on the predefined route;
determining, by the controller, a first quantity of hydrogen demand based on the future load demand of a time period;
determining, by the controller, a quantity of ammonia configured to generate the first quantity of hydrogen;
determining, by the controller, a flow rate of ammonia to deliver the quantity of ammonia to the cracker prior to the completion of the time period;
generating a control signal to adjust, by the controller, the flow rate of ammonia delivered to the ammonia cracker of the vehicle to generate an amount of hydrogen gas exceeding the quantity of hydrogen demand, to cause at least a portion of the hydrogen gas to accumulate in the hydrogen reservoir;
receiving, at the ammonia cracker, ammonia at the adjusted flow rate from an ammonia storage container and energy from one or more energy sources;
cracking, by the ammonia cracker, the ammonia to form a cracked gas comprising the hydrogen gas and a nitrogen gas;
conveying, by the ammonia cracker, the hydrogen gas to the engine; and
combusting, by the engine, a cracked gas mixture comprising the hydrogen gas.
9 . The method of claim 8 , wherein receiving, at the ammonia cracker, the energy from the one or more energy sources comprises:
receiving, at the ammonia cracker, the energy from at least one of exhaust heat or a battery
configured to receive energy from a traction motor; and
combusting the cracked gas mixture comprises combusting a hydrocarbon fuel.
10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the method includes:
charging the battery based on the future load demand; and thereafter
conveying the energy, from the battery, to a resistive element thermally coupled to a reactor of the ammonia cracker.
11 . The method of claim 8 , comprising:
separating, by the ammonia cracker, at least a portion of the hydrogen gas from the cracked gas prior to its combustion.
12 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the predefined route includes an indication of a grade and a speed, and comprising:
determining a position of the vehicle relative to the predefined route; and adjusting a power generated by the engine responsive to the position.
13 . The method of claim 8 comprising:
receiving, from a distributed power system, an indication of a distribution of power between a plurality of locomotives of a locomotive consist; and
determining the future load demand based on the distribution of the power.
14 . The method of claim 8 , comprising:
combusting, by the engine, the ammonia; and
adjusting the flow rate of the ammonia based on a quantity of the hydrogen gas stored and a state of the one or more energy sources.
15 . A non-transient computer readable medium comprising instructions stored thereon that, when executed by a processor for a vehicle, cause the processor to:
receive a predefined route for a vehicle comprising an engine, a cracker, and a hydrogen reservoir therebetween;
predict a future load demand of the vehicle based on the predefined route;
determine a first quantity of hydrogen demand based on the future load demand of a time period;
determine a quantity of ammonia configured to generate the first quantity of hydrogen;
determine a flow rate of ammonia to deliver the quantity of ammonia to the cracker prior to the completion of the time period;
generate a control signal to adjust the flow rate of ammonia delivered to the cracker to generate an amount of hydrogen gas exceeding the quantity of hydrogen demand, to cause the hydrogen gas to accumulate in the hydrogen reservoir; and
generate a control signal to cause the cracker to receive ammonia at the adjusted flow rate.
16 . The non-transient computer readable medium of claim 15 , comprising instructions to:
charge a battery based on the future load demand;
cause the cracker to crack the ammonia to form a cracked gas comprising the hydrogen gas generated by the cracker and a nitrogen gas;
cause the cracker to convey the hydrogen gas generated by the cracker to the engine; and
cause the engine to combust the hydrogen gas generated by the cracker along with a hydrocarbon fuel.
17 . The non-transient computer readable medium of claim 16 , comprising instructions to:
generate energy to charge the battery from a traction motor.
18 . The non-transient computer readable medium of claim 15 , wherein the predefined route includes an indication of a grade and a speed, and wherein the instructions cause the processor to predict the future load demand of the vehicle based on the grade and the speed.
19 . The non-transient computer readable medium of claim 15 , wherein:
the vehicle is one locomotive of a plurality of locomotives of a locomotive consist employing a distributed power system; and
the instructions are configured to cause the processor to predict the future load demand based on a distribution of power between the plurality of locomotives by the distributed power system.
20 . The non-transient computer readable medium of claim 15 , wherein:
the engine is configured to receive the ammonia; and
the non-transient computer readable medium comprises instructions to:
adjust a flow rate of the ammonia received by the engine based on a quantity of the hydrogen gas in the hydrogen reservoir.