Grain boundary engineering of sintered magnetic alloys and the compositions derived therefrom
The present disclosure is directed to methods of preparing permanent magnets having improved coercivity and remanence, the method comprising: (a) homogenizing a first population of particles of a first GBM alloy with a second population of particles of a second alloy to form a composite alloy preform, the first GBM alloy being represented by the formula: AC b R x Co y Cu d M z , the second alloy being represented by the formula G 2 Fe 14 B, where AC, R, M, G, b, x, y, and z are defined; (b) heating the composite alloy preform particles to form mixed alloy particles; (c) compressing the mixed alloy particles, under a magnetic field of a suitable strength to align the magnetic particles with a common direction of magnetization and inert atmosphere, to form a green body; (d) sintering the green body; and (e) annealing the sintered body. Embodiments include magnets comprising neodymium-iron-boron core alloys, including Nd 2 Fe 14 B.
1. A sintered body or a device comprising a GBM alloy represented by the formula (Nd 0.01-0.18 Pr 0.01-0.18 Dy 0.3-0.5 Tb 0.3-0.5 )aa (Co 0.85-0.95 Cu 0.04-0.15 Fe 0.01-0.08 )bb (Zr 0.00-1.00 )cc; wherein:
(i) aa is a value in a range of from 42 atom % to 75 atom %;
(ii) bb is a value in a range of from 6 atom % to 60 atom %; and
(iii) cc is a value in a range of from 0.01 atom % to 18 atom %;
wherein the combined amount of Nd+Pr is greater than 12 atom %;
wherein, within aa, the combined amounts of Nd+Pr+Dy+Tb is from about 95 atom % to about 100 atom %;
wherein, within bb, the combined amounts of Co+Cu+Fe is from about 95 atom % to about 100 atom %; and
wherein aa+bb+cc is from about 0.995 to about 1.
2. The sintered body or device of claim 1 , wherein:
the atomic ratio of Nd to Pr is 100:0, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, or 0:100.
3. The sintered body or device of claim 1 , wherein the alloy is described by a stoichiometric formula of (Nd 0.16 Pr 0.05 Dy 0.392 Tb 0.40 ) aa (CO 0.86 Cu 0.12 Fe 0.02 ) bb (Zr 1.00 ) cc .
4. The sintered body or device of claim 1 , wherein:
a mean particle diameter of a first population of particles of the GBM alloy is in a range of from 1 micron to 4 microns; or
the sintered body or device comprises a composition in a form containing columnar and globulite crystals; or
the sintered body or device comprises a composition in an amorphous form.
5. The sintered body or device of claim 1 , wherein the GBM alloy is magnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, or superparamagnetic.
6. The sintered body or device of claim 1 , wherein the sintered body or device is selected from a group consisting of head actuators for computer or tablet hard disks, erase heads, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment, magnetic locks, magnetic fasteners, loudspeakers, headphones or ear pods, mobile telephones and other consumer electronics, magnetic bearings and couplings, NMR spectrometers, electric motors (for example, as used in cordless tools, servomotors, compression motors, synchronous, spindle and stepper motors, electric and power steering, drive motors for hybrid and electric vehicles), and electric generators (including wind turbines).
7. The sintered body or device of claim 1 , wherein the sintered body is a magnet.
8. The sintered body or device of claim 7 , wherein the magnet is an Nd—B—Fe magnet.
9. The sintered body or device of claim 1 , wherein the sintered body or device comprises a second core alloy represented by the formula G 2 Fe 14 B, where G is a rare earth element, the second core alloy optionally doped with one or more transition metal or main group element.
10. The sintered body or device of claim 9 , wherein G is Nd, Pr, La, Ce, Gd, Ho, Er, Yb, Dy, Tb, or a combination thereof.
11. The sintered body or device of claim 9 , wherein G is Nd and/or Pr, and the second core alloy is further doped with at least one transition metal or main group element.
12. The sintered body or device of claim 9 , wherein G is Nd and/or Pr, and the second core alloy is further doped with one or more of Dy, Gd, Tb, Al, Co, Cu, Fe, Ga, Ti, or Zr.
13. The sintered body or device of claim 9 , wherein G is Nd and/or Pr, and the second core alloy is further doped with up to 6.5 atom % Dy, up to 3 atom % Gd, up to 6.5 atom % Tb, up to 1.5 atom % Al, up to 4 atom % Co, up to 0.5 atom % Cu, up to 0.3 atom % Ga, up to 0.2 atom % Ti, up to 0.1 atom % Zr, or combination thereof.
14. The sintered body or device of claim 1 , wherein: a mean particle diameter of a first population of particles of the GBM alloy is in a range of from 1 micron to 4 microns; or a mean particle diameter of a second population of particles of a second core alloy is in a range of from 2 microns to 5 microns.
15. The sintered body or device of claim 1 , comprising a population of discrete mixed alloy particles, each particle comprising a core of a second core alloy having a dimension in a range of from 1 to 5 microns, and a shell compositionally defined by elements of the GBM alloy; and wherein a mean particle diameter of the population of discrete mixed alloy particles is in a range of from 2 microns to 6 microns.
16. The sintered body or device of claim 1 , comprising a population of discrete mixed alloy particles, each particle comprising a core of a second core alloy having a dimension in a range of from 1 to 5 microns, and a shell compositionally defined by elements of the GBM alloy; and wherein a mean particle diameter of the population of discrete mixed alloy particles is in a range of from 0.3 to 2.9 microns.
17. The sintered body or device of claim 15 , wherein the sintered core shell particles further comprise quasi-concentric shells surrounding the core, these shells compositionally defined by shell layers of Co, Cu, and M elements within a matrix of the second core alloy.
18. The sintered body or device of claim 16 , wherein the sintered core shell particles further comprise quasi-concentric shells surrounding the core, these shells compositionally defined by shell layers of Co, Cu, and M elements within a matrix of the second core alloy.
19. The sintered body or device of claim 11 , wherein:
the GBM alloy is enriched in cobalt and copper, relative to their presence in the sintered particles; or
the GBM alloy comprises cobalt and copper in combined amount of at least 20 wt %, relative to the total composition of the alloy, as measured by EDS and at least three rare earth elements and one transitional element, each not exceeding 10 wt % of the total alloy composition.
20. The sintered body or device of claim 1 , where the overall chemical composition is identified by ICP.
21. The sintered body or device of claim 1 , where the overall chemical composition within a particle or within a grain boundary are identified using EDS mapping across a fractured or polished surface.