Time-bin qubit converter
A system includes a first photonic integrated circuit. The circuit includes a qubit encoder configured to receive a spatial-mode qubit and convert the spatial-mode qubit to a temporal-mode qubit and an optical interconnect configured to receive and transmit the temporal-mode qubit. The system further includes a second photonic integrated circuit, itself including a qubit decoder configured to receive the temporal-mode qubit and convert the temporal-mode qubit back into the spatial-mode qubit.
1 . A system comprising:
a wafer comprising an optical backplane;
a first integrated circuit bonded to the optical backplane, the first integrated circuit comprising:
a first photonic integrated circuit (PIC) on a first PIC die, the first PIC including a qubit encoder that converts a spatial-mode qubit into a temporal-mode qubit; and
a first electronic integrated circuit (EIC) on a first EIC die bonded and electrically connected to the first PIC die and configured to control the first PIC;
an optical interconnect optically coupled to the first PIC and a second PIC, the optical interconnect configured to transmit the temporal-mode qubit; and
a second integrated circuit distinct from the first integrated circuit and bonded to the optical backplane, the second integrated circuit comprising:
a second PIC on a second PIC die, the second PIC including a qubit decoder that converts the temporal-mode qubit transmitted by the optical interconnect back into the spatial-mode qubit; and
a second EIC on a second EIC die bonded and electrically connected to the second PIC and configured to control the second PIC.
2 . The system of claim 1 , wherein:
the first EIC comprises a first control circuit that controls the qubit encoder;
the second EIC comprises a second control circuit that controls the qubit decoder; and
the second control circuit is synchronized with the first control circuit through an electrical interconnect or an optical channel.
3 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the qubit encoder comprises:
a dual-rail qubit bus optically coupled to a qubit source, the dual-rail qubit bus including two waveguides, a first waveguide of the dual-rail qubit bus including a first delay line; and
an optical switch optically coupled to the two waveguides of the dual-rail qubit bus.
4 . The system of claim 3 , wherein:
the spatial-mode qubit is generated by a qubit source using pump laser pulses; and
the qubit source comprises a clock generator configured to generate a clock signal using the pump laser pulses.
5 . The system of claim 4 , wherein the first delay line is characterized by a delay that is equal to or less than a half of a clock period of the clock signal.
6 . The system of claim 4 , wherein the first EIC includes a timing circuit configured to generate, using the clock signal, a control signal for controlling the optical switch of the qubit encoder.
7 . The system of claim 3 , wherein the qubit decoder comprises a second dual-rail qubit bus that comprises a set of waveguides, one waveguide of the set of waveguides comprising a second delay line.
8 . The system of claim 7 , further comprising a phase shifter configured to compensate a difference between the first delay line and the second delay line.
9 . The system of claim 8 , wherein the phase shifter is in the optical switch of the qubit encoder.
10 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the spatial-mode qubit comprises a dual-rail encoded photonic qubit.
11 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the optical interconnect comprises an optical fiber.
12 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the optical interconnect comprises a waveguide of an optical interposer that is coupled to the first PIC and the second PIC.
13 . The system of claim 1 , wherein:
the first EIC is electrically connected to the first PIC through an electrical redistribution layer;
the second EIC is electrically connected to the second PIC through the electrical redistribution layer; and
the electrical redistribution layer includes an electrical interconnect coupled between the first EIC and the second EIC.
14 . An integrated circuit device comprising:
a dual-rail qubit bus optically coupled to a photonic qubit source, the dual-rail qubit bus including two waveguides, a first waveguide of the dual-rail qubit bus including a waveguide delay line that is disposed in a first physical waveguide layer of the integrated circuit device;
an optical switch disposed in a second physical waveguide layer of the integrated circuit device and optically coupled to the two waveguides of the dual-rail qubit bus, the first waveguide layer and the second waveguide layer being different physical waveguide layers that are vertically separated on a same substrate; and
a control circuit synchronized with the photonic qubit source and configured to switch the optical switch to selectively couple outputs of the two waveguides to a single output waveguide of the integrated circuit device.
15 . The integrated circuit device of claim 14 , wherein the photonic qubit source includes a clock generator configured to generate a clock signal using pump laser pulses.
16 . The integrated circuit device of claim 15 , wherein the control circuit is configured to control the optical switch using a control signal having a frequency that is at least twice of a clock frequency of the clock signal.
17 . The integrated circuit device of claim 15 , wherein the waveguide delay line is characterized by a delay that is equal to or less than a half of a clock period of the clock signal.
18 . The integrated circuit device of claim 14 , wherein the waveguide delay line is characterized by a delay that is between 25 ps and 500 ps.
19 . The integrated circuit device of claim 14 , wherein the control circuit is controlled by a feedforward control signal generated by the photonic qubit source when photon pairs are generated.
20 . The integrated circuit device of claim 14 , wherein the optical switch includes a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
21 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the qubit encoder in the first PIC comprises first optical paths, wherein the qubit decoder in the second PIC comprises second optical paths, and wherein the second optical paths balance an optical loss of the first paths such that the spatial-mode qubit that is output by the qubit decoder in the second PIC has approximately equal optical power in each mode of the spatial-mode qubit.