Methods for tailoring the magnetic permeability of soft magnets, and soft magnets obtained therefrom
Some variations provide a method of tailoring the surface of a soft magnet, comprising: depositing an austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material on one or more first surface regions of a ferromagnetic receiver material; not depositing the austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material on one or more second surface regions of the ferromagnetic receiver material; laser melting the austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material into the first surface regions; and solidifying the molten austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material within the first surface regions, thereby selectively alloying the ferromagnetic receiver material in the first surface regions. Laser ablation may be utilized instead of laser melting. The first surface regions have a significantly higher magnetic permeability, following the selective alloying of the donor material, compared to the second surface regions. Soft magnets with surface-tailored magnetic permeability are provided by this technology, which is demonstrated using several examples. One commercial application is selectively alloyed soft magnets for a rotor in an electric motor.
1 . A soft magnet with surface-tailored magnetic permeability, wherein said soft magnet comprises:
(i) a first region comprising a first core region and a first surface region, wherein said first core region contains a ferromagnetic material, and wherein said first surface region contains an austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material; and
(ii) a second region comprising a second core region, wherein said second core region contains said ferromagnetic material, and wherein said second region does not contain said austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material;
wherein said first surface region has an average thickness from about 50 microns to about 3000 microns;
wherein in said first region, said average thickness is from about 0.1% to about 50% of a thickness of said first core region, and
wherein said first region is characterized by a first average magnetic permeability, wherein said second region is characterized by a second average magnetic permeability, and wherein said first average magnetic permeability is higher than said second average magnetic permeability.
2 . The soft magnet of claim 1 , wherein said ferromagnetic material is selected from the group consisting of FeSi, FeNi, FeCo, NiCo, FeSiAl, and combinations thereof.
3 . The soft magnet of claim 1 , wherein said austenite-phase-stabilizing donor material is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Mn, Co, Cr, Si, Mo, Nb, Ti, Mg, Cu, Al, N, C, B, and combinations thereof.
4 . The soft magnet of claim 1 , wherein said average thickness is from about 100 microns to about 500 microns.
5 . The soft magnet of claim 1 , wherein said first average magnetic permeability is at least 90% higher than said second average magnetic permeability.
6 . The soft magnet of claim 1 , wherein said first average magnetic permeability is at least one order of magnitude higher than said second average magnetic permeability.
7 . The soft magnet of claim 1 , wherein said first average magnetic permeability is at least two orders of magnitude higher than said second average magnetic permeability.
8 . The soft magnet of claim 1 , wherein said soft magnet contains multiple instances of said first region and/or said second region.
9 . The soft magnet of claim 1 , wherein said soft magnet is present in a rotor in an electric motor.