Fused materials with mismatched properties
Systems and methods for creating glass and ceramic fibers comprising mixed properties are disclosed. In some embodiments, a first material and a second material are fused in a cane drawing process to generate fibers. The first material and the second material may comprise different coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) properties. Upon heating and/or cooling the fused material, a first portion and a second portion of the fused material expand/contract at different rates generating/relieving stresses in the fused material. Furthermore, the first portion and second portion may be provided in contact with, or bonded to, various metals or other materials to produce hermetic seals.
1 . A method of creating a fused material with a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) functional gradient, the method comprising:
providing a first material and a second material,
wherein the first material comprises a first coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and the second material comprises a second CTE and the first CTE is distinct from the second CTE;
adding heat to the first material and the second material to fuse the first material to the second material and drawing the first material and the second material into the fused material,
wherein the fused material comprises a first portion comprising a first portion CTE, and a second portion comprising a second portion CTE;
providing one or more holes in the fused material; and
providing one or more tubes in the one or more holes.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the fused material comprises a third portion providing a third CTE between the first portion CTE and the second portion CTE.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first portion CTE and the second portion CTE differ in a range of 6×10 −6 to 10×10 −6 per degree Celsius.
4 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising generating internal stress in the fused material by adding additional heat to or cooling the fused material.
5 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising generating or relieving internal forces in the first material and the second material prior to forming the fused material.
6 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the internal forces in the first material and the second material are generated or relieved by tempering or annealing.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein a first material geometry is a rod, and a second material geometry is a tube, and the method further comprises inserting the rod into the tube.
8 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising cleaning and smoothing a surface of the fused material after fusing the first material to the second material.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the fused material is drawn into a cane or a fiber.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises bonding the one or more tubes in the one or more holes.
11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the one or more tubes comprise a tube material comprising metal, plastic, ceramic, glass, or glass ceramic.
12 . The method of claim 11 ,
wherein the one or more tubes are provided in the second portion,
wherein the second portion CTE matches a tube CTE.
13 . A method of creating a fused material with a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) functional gradient, the method comprising:
providing a first material and a second material,
wherein the first material comprises a first CTE and the second material comprises a second CTE and the first CTE is distinct from the second CTE,
wherein a first material geometry is a rod, and a second material geometry is a tube, and the method further comprises inserting the rod into the tube;
adding heat to the first material and the second material to fuse the first material to the second material;
drawing the first material and the second material into the fused material comprising a cane or a fiber,
wherein the fused material comprises a first portion comprising a first portion CTE, and a second portion comprising a second portion CTE;
forming at least one hole in the first portion; and
inserting at least one metal tube into the at least one hole, wherein a metal CTE of the at least one metal tube is similar to the first portion CTE.
14 . The method of claim 13 ,
wherein the at least one metal tube is a first metal tube and the metal CTE is a first metal CTE, and
wherein the method further comprises:
inserting the fused material into a second metal tube comprising a second metal CTE,
wherein the second metal CTE is similar to the second portion CTE; and
bonding the first portion to the first metal tube and bonding the second portion to the second metal tube.
15 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the first material and the second material comprise glass, ceramic, or glass ceramic.
16 . A method of creating a fused material with a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) functional gradient, the method comprising:
providing a first material and a second material,
wherein the first material and the second material comprise a glass, a ceramic, or a glass ceramic,
wherein the first material comprises a first CTE and the second material comprises a second CTE and the first CTE is distinct from the second CTE;
adding heat to the first material and the second material to fuse the first material to the second material;
drawing the first material and the second material into the fused material,
wherein the fused material comprises a first portion comprising a first portion CTE based on the first CTE, a second portion comprising a second portion CTE based on the second CTE;
providing one or more holes in the first portion of the fused material;
inserting one or more tubes into the one or more holes; and
bonding the one or more tubes to the first portion.
17 . The method of claim 16 , wherein a geometry of the fused material is a cane or a fiber.
18 . The method of claim 16 ,
wherein the one or more tubes are metal; and
wherein the first portion CTE is based on a metal CTE of the one or more tubes.
19 . The method of claim 16 , wherein a first material geometry is a rod, and a second material geometry is a material tube, and the method further comprises inserting the rod into the material tube.
20 . The method of claim 16 , wherein the one or more holes are provided in the first portion by drilling after the first material and the second material are drawn into the fused material.