IP Library › Granted Patent US 50,811
Granted Patent E1
US 50,811 · App. 17/969,338 · Granted Mar 10, 2026

Rapid imaging systems and methods for facilitating rapid radiation therapies

Inventors: Rebecca Fahrig (Moehrendorf, DE); Billy Wiseman Loo (Foster City, CA); Peter G. Maxim (Palo Alto, CA); Sami Tantawi (Stanford, CA)
Assignee: The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University
A61N5/1084A61N5/1039A61N5/1043A61N5/1064A61N5/1067A61N5/1077A61N5/1078A61N5/1081A61N2005/1055A61N2005/1058A61N2005/1076A61N2005/1089A61N2005/1091A61N2005/1098H05H2007/048
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 50,811
App. No.
17/969,338
Granted
Mar 10, 2026
Kind
E1
Abstract

Methods and system for facilitating rapid radiation treatments are provided herein and relate in particular to radiation generation and delivery, beam control, treatment planning, imaging and dose verification. The methods and systems described herein are particularly advantageous when used with a compact high-gradient, very high energy electron (VHEE) accelerator and delivery system (and related processes) capable of treating patients from multiple beam directions with great speed, using all-electromagnetic or radiofrequency deflection steering is provided, that can deliver an entire dose or fraction of high-dose radiation therapy sufficiently fast to freeze physiologic motion, yet with a better degree of dose conformity or sculpting than conventional photon therapy.

Claims (124)

1 . An imaging system for image verification in a high-energy rapid radiation delivery treatment system configured to deliver an entire conformal 3D dose for a given radiation treatment session in less than 10 seconds, wherein high-energy comprises 1-250 MeV and the entire dose is at least 1 Gy, the system comprising:

an imaging device configured for obtaining a 3D treatment image of an anatomical structure that includes the a targeted tissue to which the treatment is to be delivered; and

a processing unit having a recordable memory with a plurality of predetermined 3D treatment plans recorded thereon, the plurality of predetermined treatment plans determined from a plurality of pre-treatment images, the processing unit being configured to:

determine a shape and/or location of the anatomical structure at treatment based on the treatment image and the plurality of pre-treatment images; and

determine a single actual conformal 3D treatment pattern suitable for delivery from which the entire conformal 3D dose is delivered to the targeted tissue, wherein the single conformal 3D treatment pattern is determined based on the determined shape and/or location of the anatomical structure and one or more of the plurality of predetermined treatment plans,

wherein the imaging device is operably coupled to the rapid radiation delivery treatment system.

2 . The system of claim 1 wherein the actual treatment pattern is a plurality of actual treatment patterns each associated with a different direction of the plurality of differing directions from where a plurality particle beams from a treatment system are delivered to the targeted tissue.

3 . The system of claim 1 wherein

the imaging system is configured to perform a re-planning process, wherein the re-planning process comprises:

obtaining a plurality of images in rapid succession immediately before treatment, and

configured to alter the plurality of predetermined treatment plans based on the plurality of images obtained immediately before treatment, wherein the re-planning process is performed in less than 20 seconds.

4 . The imaging system of claim 1 wherein the processing unit is further configured to:

determine the actual treatment plan by:

selecting one of the predetermined treatment plans, and

adapting the selected predetermined treatment plans based on the treatment image.

5 . The imaging system of claim 1 wherein the imaging device includes any of CT, MR, PET, SPECT and ultrasound imaging or any combination thereof.

6 . The imaging system of claim 1 wherein the imaging system comprises a full ring integrated CT imaging system.

7 . The imaging system of claim 1 wherein the processing unit is further configured to:

perform an initial simulation prior to treatment to determine the plurality of predetermined treatment plans based on a plurality of anticipated anatomical variations.

8 . The imaging system of claim 7 wherein the processing unit is further configured to:

perform rapid image acquisition to obtain the treatment image in about 1 second or less for verification and perform rapid comparison of the treatment image with one of the plurality of pre-treatment images by subtraction or registration to determine the actual treatment plan.

9 . The imaging system of claim 7 wherein the one or more pretreatment plans comprise a 3D reconstruction of the anatomical structure and the processing unit is further configured to determine the actual treatment pattern by dynamically updating the 3D reconstruction during data acquisition so as to optimize the treatment pattern.

10 . The imaging system of claim 1 wherein the treatment image is a high-quality 3D image covering an entire treatment volume of the targeted tissue to be traversed by a plurality of treatment beams directed to the targeted tissue from multiple directions.

11 . The imaging system of claim 1 wherein the predetermined treatment plan includes a segmentation of anatomic structures and the processing unit is further configured to:

perform an automatic or semi-automatic re-segmentation of anatomic structures and recalculation of or selection of a plurality of pre-calculated validated plans.

12 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the treatment system is configured for electron therapy or photon therapy.

13 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the treatment image is a “real-time” image such that the single treatment plan is based on the “real-time” image at treatment delivery.

14 . A high-energy treatment system for delivering a rapid radiation treatment to a patient, wherein high-energy comprises 1-250 MeV, the system comprising:

a plurality of accelerating structures configured to rapidly deliver a plurality of particle treatment beams to the targeted tissue of a patient from a plurality of differing directions such that an entire dose of the radiation treatment for the treatment session is delivered to the targeted tissue in less than 10 seconds;

an imaging system in accordance with claim 1 ; and

a control unit operatively coupling the plurality of accelerating structures to the imaging system, wherein the control unit is configured to deliver the plurality of beams to the targeted tissue according to the actual treatment pattern determined by the imaging system.

15 . A method for treating a tissue of a patient, said method comprising:

obtaining a 3D treatment image of an anatomical structure of the patient with an imaging system, the anatomical structure including a tissue targeted for treatment;

determining a shape and/or location of the anatomical structure at treatment based on the treatment image and a plurality of pre-treatment images obtained prior to obtaining the treatment image;

determining a single actual 3D conformal treatment plan for the targeted tissue based on the treatment image and a treatment plans one or more treatment plans determined from the plurality of pre-treatment images; and

delivering an entire 3D conformal dose of a radiation treatment to the targeted tissue for a given treatment session with a high-energy rapid radiation treatment system, wherein the entire 3D conformal dose is delivered according to the single actual treatment plan in less than 10 seconds, wherein high-energy comprises 1-250 MeV and the entire dose is at least 1 Gy.

16 . The method of 15 wherein the determined shape and/or location of the anatomical structure at treatment corresponds to a particular pre-treatment image when the treatment image corresponds to another image of the plurality of pre-treatment images immediately preceding the particular pre-treatment image.

17 . The method of claim 15 wherein determining the shape and/or location comprises performing a segmentation of the plurality of pre-treatment images and wherein determining the actual treatment plan includes performing a rapid re-segmentation of the treatment image and dose calculation according to the determined shape and/or location of the anatomical structure immediately before treatment.

18 . The method of claim 15 wherein obtaining the treatment image comprises obtaining a full CT scan.

19 . The method of claim 18 further comprising:

performing registration with the full CT scan, wherein the full CT scan and registration is performed within about one second or less.

20 . The method of claim 15 wherein obtaining the treatment image comprises:

detuning a linear accelerator of a treatment system through which one or more electron beams are accelerated for delivering a radiation treatment;

detuning the linear accelerator to generate an electron beam of lower energy than those of the one or more electron beams for treatment; and

directing the lower-energy electrons to a high-Z target so as to produce a diagnostic energy spectrum suitable for imaging of the targeted tissue with the same linear accelerator as is used for acceleration of the one or more treatment beams.

21 . The method of claim 20 further comprising any of:

determining a treatment plan based on a diagnostic image obtained using the lower-energy electron beam;

tuning the linear accelerator so as to provide a higher energy electron beam suitable for treatment after obtaining the diagnostic image; and

performing detuning and tuning of the linear accelerator sufficiently rapidly so as to obtain the diagnostic image, determine the treatment plan and deliver an entire treatment dose based on the determined treatment plan in less than one minute.

22 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the treatment comprises electron therapy or photon therapy.

23 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the treatment image is a “real-time” image such that the single treatment plan is based on the “real-time” image at treatment delivery.

24 . A method of performing a high-energy, rapid radiation treatment with a delivery treatment system configured to deliver an entire 3D conformal dose for a given radiation treatment session to a targeted tissue in less than 10 seconds, wherein high energy comprises 1-250 MeV and the entire dose is at least 1 Gy, the method comprising:

performing an initial simulation prior to treatment so as to produce a plurality of treatment plans before treatment optimized for differing anticipated anatomical variations, wherein the treatment plans comprise a segmentation of anatomical structures that include the targeted tissue;

at the time of treatment, acquire a diagnostic image covering the entire treatment volume of the targeted tissue and surrounding tissue that may be traversed by one or more radiation treatment beams;

performing re-segmentation of anatomical structures of the diagnostic image and recalculation or selection of treatment plan options from one or more of the treatment plans produced before treatment;

verifying segmentation and selection of treatment plan options;

rapidly obtaining a treatment image and verifying selection of a single treatment plan from the plurality of treatment plan options within about one second or less; and

rapidly delivering a high-energy radiation treatment beam according to the determined and verified selected treatment plan, wherein an entire dose of the treatment is delivered within 10 seconds or less in accordance with the single treatment plan.

25 . The method of claim 24 wherein the one or more treatment plans comprise a 3D reconstruction of anatomical structure, the method further comprising:

dynamically updating the 3D reconstruction from the diagnostic image acquired at the time of treatment to obtain an optimal plan choice and the selected treatment plan.

26 . The method of claim 24 wherein any of:

re-segmentation is performed through deformable image registration;

re-segmentation is automatic or semi-automatic so as to be performed in less than 10 seconds;

obtaining the diagnostic image comprises obtaining a full CT scan;

verification segmentation and treatment plan selection the method further comprises verifying segmentation and selection of treatment plan options, which comprises automated or semi-automated rapid image comparison utilizing subtraction and/or registration; and

the entire process is performed in about 20 seconds or less and treatment is delivered in about one second or less.

27 . The method of claim 24 , wherein the treatment comprises electron therapy or photon therapy.

28 . The method of claim 24 , wherein the treatment image is a “real-time” image such that the single treatment plan is based on the “real-time” image at treatment delivery.

29. The system of claim 14 , wherein the plurality of treatment beams comprise charged particle beams or photon beams.

30. The system of claim 14 , wherein the targeted tissue comprises a tumor or a non-tumor target.

31. The system of claim 14 , wherein the system is configured to synchronize dose delivery with a time of optimal uptake of a therapeutic agent in the targeted tissue or a normal tissue to be protected.

32. The system of claim 31 , wherein the imaging device is further configured to provide information to the control unit of the treatment system to trigger dose delivery based on the time of optimal uptake of the therapeutic agent.

33. The imaging system of claim 1 , wherein the imaging device is further configured to detect uptake of a therapeutic agent in the targeted tissue or normal tissue after administering of the therapeutic agent to the patient and configured to trigger delivery of the dose, by the treatment system, to the targeted tissue.

34. The imaging system of claim 33 , wherein the therapeutic agent comprises any of a drug, radiosensitizer, a radioprotector, and a dose-enhancing agent.

35. The method of claim 15 further comprising:

administering a therapeutic agent to the patient, wherein the therapeutic agent comprises any of a drug, a radiosensitizer, a radioprotector, and a dose-enhancing agent.

36. The method of claim 35 further comprising:

synchronizing radiation dose delivery with a time of optimal uptake of the therapeutic agent in the targeted tissue or a normal tissue to be protected.

37. The method of claim 36 further comprising:

imaging to detect an optimal uptake of the therapeutic agent for triggering dose delivery.

38. The method of claim 15 , wherein the targeted tissue comprises a tumor or a non-tumor target.

39. The method of claim 38 , wherein the non-tumor target comprises any of nerves, facet joints, foci in the brain, portions of the lung, and pathways in the heart.

40. A method for treating a targeted tissue in a patient, said method comprising:

administering a therapeutic agent comprising any of a drug, a radiosensitizer, a radioprotector, and a dose enhancing agent; and

administering an entire effective dose of high-dose radiation to the targeted tissue in less than 10 seconds, wherein there is a single dose delivery for a given treatment session,

wherein administering the entire effective dose comprises delivering the entire effective dose synchronized with an optimal uptake of the therapeutic agent based on real-time imaging of the targeted tissue or tissue to be protected.

41. The system of claim 40 , wherein the targeted tissue comprises a tumor or a non-tumor target.

42. The system of claim 41 , wherein the non-tumor target comprises any of: nerves, facet joints, foci in the brain, portions of the lung, and pathways in the heart.

43. The method of claim 40 , wherein the effective dose is at least 1 Gray.

44. The method of claim 40 , wherein the effective dose is delivered within one or more pulses.

45. The method of claim 40 , wherein the effective dose is delivered within one second or less.

46. The method of claim 40 , wherein administering the effective dose of radiation comprises generating a high energy radiation treatment beam, wherein high energy comprises between 1-250 MeV.

47. The method of claim 40 , wherein administering the effective dose of radiation comprises generating one or more charged particle beams and directing the one or more charged particle beams toward the targeted tissue.

48. The method of claim 40 , wherein administering the effective dose of radiation comprises generating an electron therapy beam or a photon therapy beam for delivery to the targeted tissue.

49. The method of claim 40 , wherein the therapeutic agent comprises a drug.

50. The method of claim 49 , wherein the drug comprises a chemo drug.

51. The method of claim 40 , wherein the therapeutic agent is a radiosensitizer.

52. The method of claim 40 , wherein the therapeutic agent is a radioprotector.

53. The method of claim 40 , wherein the therapeutic agent is a dose-enhancing agent.

54. The method of claim 53 , wherein the dose-enhancing agent is transient or slow-uptake.

55. The method of claim 40 , wherein the therapeutic agent further comprises a contrast agent.

56. The method of claim 40 , further comprising:

timing the administering of the therapeutic agent relative the administering of the effective dose of radiation so as to synchronize an optimal uptake of the therapeutic agent with delivery of the effective dose of radiation.

57. The method of claim 40 , wherein administering of the effective dose of radiation is triggered by a time of optimal uptake of the therapeutic agent in the target tissue or normal tissue to be protected.

58. The method of claim 56 , wherein the time of optimal uptake of the therapeutic agent is image-based, wherein image based comprises imaging with ay of: MRI, PET/CT, SPECT, PET, and ultrasound images.

59. A computer-implemented method of radiation treatment planning for treating a targeted tissue with a treatment system in combination with a therapeutic agent, the method comprising:

real-time imaging of the targeted tissue or tissue to be protected and determining, with the treatment system, an optimal uptake of the therapeutic agent;

determining, with the treatment system, a prescribed effective dose of radiation to be delivered into the targeted tissue from a high-energy rapid radiation treatment system, wherein the prescribed effective dose is based, at least partly, on a response of the targeted tissue to the therapeutic agent; and

determining, with the treatment system, a plurality of radiation beams to deliver the prescribed effective dose to the targeted tissue in less than 10 seconds and determining, with the treatment system, minimum beam energies for the plurality of radiation beams to achieve the prescribed effective dose at the targeted tissue; and

delivering the entire effective dose synchronized with the optimal uptake of the therapeutic agent, wherein there is a single dose delivery during a given treatment session.

60. The computer-implemented method of claim 59 , the method further comprising:

delivering the plurality of radiation beams to the targeted tissue, with the treatment system, wherein a timing of the delivery of the plurality of radiation beams is based on the response of an uptake of the therapeutic agent by the targeted tissue.

61. The computer-implemented method of claim 59 , wherein the therapeutic agent comprises any of a drug, a radiosensitizer, a radioprotector, and a dose-enhancing agent.

62. The computer-implemented method of claim 59 , wherein the method further comprises:

triggering, with the treatment system, a delivery of radiation based on an image-based assessment of an optimal uptake of the agent within the targeted tissue or a normal tissue to be protected.

63. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having computer-executable instructions for causing a computing system to perform a method of high-energy rapid radiation treatment planning for treating a targeted tissue in combination with a therapeutic agent, the method comprising:

real-time imaging of the targeted tissue or tissue to be protected and determining, with the treatment system, an optimal uptake of the therapeutic agent;

accessing, with the treatment system, treatment plan delivery parameters from a memory of the computing system, wherein the treatment plan parameters comprise a prescribed effective dose to be delivered to the targeted tissue, directions of a plurality of radiation beams to deliver the prescribed effective dose to the targeted tissue in less than 10 seconds, and beam energies of the plurality of radiation beams;

accessing, with the treatment system, information comprising a response of the targeted tissue or a normal tissue with the therapeutic agent; and

adjusting, with the treatment system, the treatment based on the information regarding the therapeutic agent response; and

delivering the entire prescribed effective dose synchronized with the optimal uptake of the therapeutic agent, wherein there is a single dose delivery during a given treatment session.

64. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 63 , wherein accessing information of the response comprises an image-based assessment of uptake of the therapeutic agent in the targeted tissue or the normal tissue, and adjusting, with the treatment system, the treatment comprises triggering delivery of the plurality of radiation beams based on the image-based assessment.

65. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 63 , wherein the therapeutic agent comprises any of a drug, a radiosensitizer, a radioprotector, and a dose-enhancing agent.

66. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 65 , wherein the therapeutic agent comprises a chemo drug.

Assignments (1)
CONFIRMATORY LICENSE Recorded Jul 28, 2026
From: STANFORD UNIVERSITY
To: U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Reel/Frame 075419/0497 →
Continuity (4)
Division 15068471 · Mar 11, 2016
Continuation PCTUS2014055270 · Sep 11, 2014
Provisional Application 61876679 · Sep 11, 2013
Reissue 15944670 · Apr 3, 2018
References Cited (314)
US 3757118A · Hodge et al. · 1973 [cited by applicant]
US 4644168A · Rand et al. · 1987 [cited by applicant]
US 4726046A · Nunan · 1988 [cited by examiner]
US 4737647A · Stieber et al. · 1988 [cited by applicant]
US 4827491A · Barish · 1989 [cited by applicant]
US 5452720A · Smith et al. · 1995 [cited by applicant]
US 5661377A · Mishin et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5684854A · Hughes · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 5729584A · Moorman et al. · 1998 [cited by applicant]
US 5847401A · McKeown · 1998 [cited by examiner]
US 5859893A · Moorman et al. · 1999 [cited by applicant]
US 6125295A · Cash, Jr. et al. · 2000 [cited by applicant]
US 6332017B1 · Carroll et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6333966B1 · Schoen et al. · 2001 [cited by applicant]
US 6353227B1 · Boxen · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6459762B1 · Wong et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6463123B1 · Korenev · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 6537052B1 · Adler et al. · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6559610B2 · Tanaka · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6628750B1 · Korenev · 2003 [cited by applicant]
US 6714620B2 · Caflisch et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6724782B2 · Hartemann et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6728335B1 · Thomson et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6768265B1 · Ives et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6794656B2 · Francke et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 6847168B1 · Ives et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6937693B2 · Svatos et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 6977987B2 · Yamashita et al. · 2005 [cited by applicant]
US 7085347B2 · Mihara et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 7164748B2 · Francke · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7167540B2 · Muller · 2007 [cited by examiner]
US 7180243B2 · Secheresse et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7190764B2 · Mori et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7194063B2 · Dilmanian et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7206379B2 · Lemaitre et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 7385354B2 · Miyake · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 7391850B2 · Kaertner et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 7486775B2 · Forster · 2009 [cited by examiner]
US 7486984B2 · Carroll · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7601966B2 · Ben-haim et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7630474B2 · Clayton et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7741624B1 · Sahadevan · 2010 [cited by examiner]
US 7801270B2 · Nord et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7816870B2 · Yakovlev et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7835492B1 · Sahadevan et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7838838B2 · Rousso et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 7839972B2 · Ruchala et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 8027431B2 · Stahl et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8029808B2 · Srivastava · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8034375B2 · Desai et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8039819B2 · Faure et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8139714B1 · Sahadevan · 2012 [cited by examiner]
US 8173983B1 · Sahadevan · 2012 [cited by examiner]
US 8232748B2 · Treas et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8306184B2 · Chang et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8315357B2 · Zhu et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 8350226B2 · Zdasiuk et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8405044B2 · MacKinnon et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8547006B1 · Ives et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8575579B2 · Moskvin et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8600003B2 · Zhou et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8610075B2 · Rousso et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8618521B2 · Loo · 2013 [cited by examiner]
US 8624496B2 · Neubauer et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8674630B1 · Cornelius · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8787529B2 · Graves et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8884181B2 · Houde et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 9018603B2 · Loo · 2015 [cited by examiner]
US 9114157B2 · Strober et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9132281B2 · Zeng et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9155910B1 · Sahadevan · 2015 [cited by examiner]
US 9216302B2 · Kuwahara et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9320813B2 · Peyman · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9386682B2 · Tantawi et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9393439B2 · Goer · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9470801B2 · Ziv et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9616106B2 · Basile · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9636525B1 · Sahadevan · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9649298B2 · Djonov et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9764161B2 · Mazin · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 9804104B2 · Libman et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9855445B2 · Mansfield · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 9931522B2 · Bharadwaj et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 9938583B2 · Parry · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 9962562B2 · Fahrig et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 9990715B2 · Enderling et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10071264B2 · Liger · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10080911B2 · Zankowski et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10092774B1 · Vanderstraten et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10098952B2 · Borghi et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10124194B2 · Dilmanian et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10166405B2 · Nguyen · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10206871B2 · Lin et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10245448B2 · Heese · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10413755B1 · Sahadevan · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10449388B2 · Yin et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10456468B2 · Unger · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10485991B2 · Tantawi et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10500278B2 · Abazeed · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 10549117B2 · Vanderstraten et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10576303B2 · Bharadwaj et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10609806B2 · Roecken et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10632179B2 · Brady-Kalnay · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10695543B2 · Agah et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10806950B2 · Fahrig et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10843011B2 · Trail et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10946215B2 · Sjolund · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11173325B2 · Parry et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11318193B2 · Akle et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
US 20020090194A1 · Tajima · 2002 [cited by examiner]
US 20020191746A1 · Dinsmore et al. · 2002 [cited by applicant]
US 20040044265A1 · Muller · 2004 [cited by examiner]
US 20040079899A1 · Ma · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20040082855A1 · Robar et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20040140432A1 · Maldonado et al. · 2004 [cited by applicant]
US 20050167610A1 · Tajima · 2005 [cited by examiner]
US 20060001855A1 · Lof et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20060056596A1 · Mori · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20060106301A1 · Kats · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20070051905A1 · Fujimaki et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070076846A1 · Ruchala · 2007 [cited by examiner]
US 20070152610A1 · Yakovlev et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20070201613A1 · Lu · 2007 [cited by examiner]
US 20070265230A1 · Rousso et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20080001090A1 · Ben-haim et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080002811A1 · Allison · 2008 [cited by examiner]
US 20080049897A1 · Molloy · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20080081991A1 · West · 2008 [cited by examiner]
US 20080144908A1 · West · 2008 [cited by examiner]
US 20080298401A1 · Faure et al. · 2008 [cited by applicant]
US 20090185656A1 · Heuscher · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090212231A1 · Hill et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090225932A1 · Zhu et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090252291A1 · Lu et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20090296885A1 · Boeh et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20100001200A1 · Ben-haim et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100174180A1 · Rousso et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100183206A1 · Carlsen · 2010 [cited by examiner]
US 20100207042A1 · Harada et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100228116A1 · Lu et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20100246767A1 · Tanabe · 2010 [cited by examiner]
US 20100260317A1 · Chang et al. · 2010 [cited by applicant]
US 20110073778A1 · Natori et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110093243A1 · Tawhai et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110206187A1 · Lee et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110254443A1 · Neubauer et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 20110266464A1 · Takai · 2011 [cited by examiner]
US 20120008735A1 · Maurer · 2012 [cited by examiner]
US 20120022363A1 · Dempsey · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120085916A1 · Clayton · 2012 [cited by examiner]
US 20120262333A1 · Trummer et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120305796A1 · Iseki et al. · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20120326636A1 · Eaton · 2012 [cited by examiner]
US 20130016814A1 · Treas et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130035587A1 · Lagendijk et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 20130172657A1 · Meier · 2013 [cited by examiner]
US 20130231516A1 · Loo · 2013 [cited by examiner]
US 20130287167A1 · Gum · 2013 [cited by examiner]
US 20140010351A1 · Rommel · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140037541A1 · Rousso et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140065074A1 · Hwu · 2014 [cited by examiner]
US 20140119496A1 · Zhou · 2014 [cited by examiner]
US 20140135563A1 · Loo et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20140371581A1 · Mostafavi · 2014 [cited by examiner]
US 20150011817A1 · Feng · 2015 [cited by examiner]
US 20150016586A1 · Maurer, Jr. · 2015 [cited by examiner]
US 20150070029A1 · Libman et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 20150087881A1 · Miyamoto · 2015 [cited by examiner]
US 20160014876A1 · Tantawi et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160193481A1 · Tantawi · 2016 [cited by examiner]
US 20160193482A1 · Fahrig et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160287905A1 · Liger · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 20160310764A1 · Bharadwaj · 2016 [cited by examiner]
US 20170231903A1 · Lin et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20190022411A1 · Parry et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190114765A1 · Enderling et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20190224294A1 · Akle et al. · 2019 [cited by applicant]
US 20200164224A1 · Vanderstraten et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20220008750A1 · Parry et al. · 2022 [cited by applicant]
CN 101453951 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
CN 101453951A · 2009 [cited by applicant]
CN 104246961A · 2014 [cited by applicant]
CN 111479571A · 2020 [cited by applicant]
CN 112449602A · 2021 [cited by applicant]
EP 1358908 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
EP 1358908A1 · 2003 [cited by applicant]
EP 3043863 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
EP 3043864 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
EP 2823501B1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
EP 3654976A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
EP 3655097A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
EP 3693974A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
EP 3823618A1 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
WO 2005115544 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO 2005115544A1 · 2005 [cited by applicant]
WO 2006039569A1 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO 2007140090 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO 2007140090A2 · 2007 [cited by applicant]
WO 2009120999A2 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
WO 2011127946 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO 2011127946A1 · 2011 [cited by applicant]
WO 2012025261 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
WO 2012025261A1 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013048452A2 · 2013 [cited by examiner]
WO 2013133936 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO 2013133936A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2013155129A1 · 2013 [cited by examiner]
WO 2014055989 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014055989A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014144804A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014205128A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2015038832 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO 2015038832A1 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO 2015102680 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO 2015102680A2 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO 2015102680A3 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO 2015102681 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO 2015102681A2 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO 2015102681A3 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO 2016149580A2 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
WO 2017044562A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO 2018222689A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO 2018226671A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO 2019018376A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO 2019018813A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO 2019169175A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO 2020018904A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
Matsumoto et al, “Anti-angiogenic agent sunitinib transiently increases tumor oxygenation and suppresses cycling hypoxia,” Cancer Res., Oct. 15, 2011, 71(20), pp. 6350-6359. (Year: 2011). [cited by examiner]
“Clinical Trials Fall”, Stanford Cancer Institute—Clinical Research, Newsletter for Colleagues in the Community, 2016, 12 pages. [cited by applicant]
“Flash Irradiation Delivered in a Clinical Treatment Room”, Available Online At: https://iba-worldwide.com/content/pt/proton-flash-irradiation-delivered-clinical-treatment-room, Mar. 8, 2019, 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
“Flash Proton Delivery Aims to Reduce Radiotherapy Toxicity”, Available Online At: https://physicsworld.com/a/flash-proton-delivery-aims-to-reduce-radiotherapy-toxicity/, 2018, 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
“Radiotherapy and Radiation Biology”, Curie Institute, Apr. 21, 2017, 9 pages. [cited by applicant]
Amaldi et al., “Proton and Carbon Linacs for Hadron Therapy”, Proceedings of LINAC2014, Geneva, Switzerland, Available Online at http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/LINAC2014/papers/friob02.pdf, 2014, pp. 1207-1212. [cited by applicant]
Anferov et al., “The Indiana University Midwest Proton Radiation Institute”, Proceedings of the 2001 Particle Accelerator Conference, Available Online at https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/p01/PAPERS/FOAA004.PDF, J… [cited by applicant]
Bashkirov et al., “Development of Proton Computed Tomography Detectors for Applications in Hadron Therapy”, NIM Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A (under press a the time of writing proposal), vol. 80… [cited by applicant]
Bazalova et al., “WE-C-BRB-05: Monte Carlo Simulations and Experimental Validation of Rapid Dose Delivery with Very High-Energy Electron Beams”, Medical Physics, vol. 39, No. 6, Jun. 2012, pp. 3944. [cited by applicant]
Benedetti et al., “High Gradient Linac for Proton Therapy”, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams, vol. 20, No. 4, Apr. 13, 2017, pp. 040101-1-040101-19. [cited by applicant]
Bernier et al., “High-Dose Radiation Therapy with or Without Chemotherapy in Treating Patients with Head and Neck Cancer”, Available online at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00002555, 1999, 6 pages. [cited by applicant]
Bijan Jia et al., “Evaluation of Energy Deposition and Secondary Particle Production in Proton Therapy of Brain Using a Slab Head Phantom”, Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy, vol. 19, Issue 6, Nov.-Dec. 2014,… [cited by applicant]
Bopp et al., “Upgrade Concepts of the PSI Accelerator RF Systems for a Projected 3 mA Operation”, CP600, Cyclotrons and Their Applications 2001, Sixteenth International Conference, Dec. 2001, 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
Brahme et al., “Electron and Photon Beams from a 50 MeV Racetrack Microtron”, Acta Oncologica, vol. 19, No. 4, Jan. 1, 1980, pp. 305-319. [cited by applicant]
Buontempo et al., “Enhancing Radiosensitivity of Melanoma Cells Through Very High Dose Rate Pulses Released by a Plasma Focus Device”, vol. 13, No. 6, Jun. 29, 2018, 14 pages. [cited by applicant]
Caryotakis, “Development of X-Band Klystron Technology at SLAC”, Proceedings of the 1997 Particle Accelerator Conference, vol. 3,, May 1997, pp. 2894-2898. [cited by applicant]
Citrin et al., “Mechanisms of Normal Tissue Injury From Irradiation”, Seminars in Radiation Oncology, vol. 27, No. 4, Oct. 2017, pp. 316-324. [cited by applicant]
Crino et al., “Induction Chemotherapy Plus High-Dose Radiotherapy Versus Radiotherapy Alone in Locally Advanced Unresectable Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer”, Lung Cancer, vol. 11, No. 3-4, 1994, 1 page. [cited by applicant]
Desrosiers et al., “150-250 Mev Electron Beams in Radiation Therapy”, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 45, No. 7, Jul. 2000, pp. 1781-1805. [cited by applicant]
Desrosiers, “An Evaluation of very High Energy Electron Beams (Up To 250 Mev) in Radiation Therapy”, Purdue University, Dec. 2004, 162 pages. [cited by applicant]
Dillman et al., “A Randomized Trial of Induction Chemotherapy plus High-Dose Radiation versus Radiation Alone in Stage III Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer”, The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 323, No. 14, Oct. 4, 1990… [cited by applicant]
Dolgashev et al., “Geometric Dependence of Radio-frequency Breakdown in Normal Conducting Accelerating Structures”, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 97, No. 17, Oct. 25, 2010, 3 pages. [cited by applicant]
Eling et al., “Ultrahigh Dose Rate Synchrotron Microbeam Radiation Therapy. Preclinical Evidence in View of a Clinical Transfer”, Available Online At: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167814019329… [cited by applicant]
Favaudon et al., “Flash Radiotherapy to Spare Healthy Tissue”, Médecine/Sciences, vol. 31, Feb. 2015, 6 pages. [cited by applicant]
Favaudon et al., “Radiothérapie <<Flash>> À Très Haut Débit De Dose: Un Moyen D'augmenter L'indice Thérapeutique Par Minimisation Des Dommages Aux Tissus Sains?”, Cancer/Radiothérapie, vol. 19, Apr. 29, 2015, pp. 526-53… [cited by applicant]
Favaudon et al., “Supplementary Materials for Ultrahigh Dose-Rate Flash Irradiation Increases the Differential Response Between Normal and Tumor Tissue in Mice”, ScienceTranslationMedicine.org, vol. 6, Jul. 16, 2014, 18… [cited by applicant]
Favaudon et al., “Ultrahigh dose-rate Flash irradiation increases the differential response between normal and tumor tissue in mice”, www.ScienceTranslationMedicine.org, vol. 6, Issue 245, 245ra93, Jul. 16, 2014, 9 page… [cited by applicant]
Favaudon et al., “Ultrahigh dose-rate Flash irradiation increases the differential response between normal and tumor tissue in mice”, ScienceTranslationMedicine.org, vol. 6, Jul. 16, 2014, 10 pages. [cited by applicant]
Fuchs, “Laser-accelerated Particles: Investigations Towards Applications in Radiotherapy”, Available online at: http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/archiv/7452, 2007, 150 pages. [cited by applicant]
Fuchs et al., “Treatment Planning for Laser-accelerated very-high Energy Electrons”, Physics in Medicine and Biology vol. 54, No. 11, May 8, 2009, pp. 3315-3328. [cited by applicant]
Gerard et al., “Treatment of Anal Canal Carcinoma With High Dose Radiation Therapy and Concomitant Fluorouracil-Cisplatinum. Long-Term Results in 95 Patients”, Radiotherapy and Oncology, vol. 46, No. 3, Mar. 1998, pp. 2… [cited by applicant]
Haberer et al., “Magnetic Scanning System for Heavy Ion Therapy”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment , NIM , Elsevie, vol. 330,… [cited by applicant]
Halbach , “Design of Permanent Multipole Magnets With Oriented Rare Earth Cobalt Material”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol. 169, Issue 1, Feb. 1, 1980, pp. 1-10. [cited by applicant]
Hellevik et al., “Radiotherapy and the Tumor Stroma: The Importance of Dose and Fractionation”, Frontiers in Oncology, vol. 4, No. 1, Jan. 21, 2014, 12 pages. [cited by applicant]
Hong et al., “Tumor Hypoxia and Reoxygenation: the Yin and Yang for Radiotherapy”, Radiation Oncology Journal, vol. 34, No. 4, Dec. 28, 2016, pp. 239-249. [cited by applicant]
Howell et al., “Measurements of secondary neutron dose from 15 MV and 18 MV IMRT”, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, vol. 115, Issue 1-4, Dec. 20, 2005, pp. 508-512. [cited by applicant]
HSI et al., “Energy Spectrum Control for Modulated Proton Beams”, Medical Physics, vol. 36, No. 6, Available Online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2832068/, Jun. 2009, pp. 2297-2308. [cited by applicant]
Jensen et al., “X-Band Multi-beam Klystron Design and Progress Report”, Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC), 2015 IEEE International, Apr. 27-29, 2015, 2 pages. [cited by applicant]
Kim et al., “High-dose Extended-Field Irradiation and High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy With Concurrent Chemotherapy for Cervical Cancer With Positive Para-Aortic Lymph Nodes”, International Journal of Radiation Oncology, vo… [cited by applicant]
Laliscia et al., “Concomitant External-beam Irradiation and Chemotherapy Followed by High-dose Rate Brachytherapy Boost in the Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vagina: A Single-Center Retrospective Study”, An… [cited by applicant]
Laurent et al., “Experimental Study of RF Pulsed Heating”, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams, vol. 14, Issue 4, Apr. 7, 2011, pp. 041001-1-041001-21. [cited by applicant]
Levy , “Flash Irradiation Enhances the Therapeutic Index of Abdominal Radiotherapy in Mice”, Available Online At: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.873414v1.full, 2019, 22 pages. [cited by applicant]
Lim et al., “Adjustable, Short Focal Length Permanent-magnet Quadrupole Based Electron Beam Final Focus System”, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams, vol. 8, Issue 7, Jul. 15, 2005, pp. 072401-1-072401-17. [cited by applicant]
Limborg et al., “Designs and High Power Tests of Distributed Coupling Linacs”, Valencia, Spain, Available Online at https://indico.cern.ch/event/589548/contributions/2615455/attachments/1479738/2294080/Mamdouh_High_Grad… [cited by applicant]
Loo et al., “Delivery of Ultra-Rapid Flash Radiation Therapy and Demonstration of Normal Tissue Sparing After Abdominal Irradiation of Mice”, International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, vol. 98, Issue 2… [cited by applicant]
Luo et al., “Effect of Modern High-dose Versus Standard-dose Radiation in Definitive Concurrent Chemo-radiotherapy on Outcome of Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer: a Meta-analysis”, Radiation Oncology, vol. 14, No. 178, O… [cited by applicant]
Montay-Gruel et al., “Irradiation in a Flash: Unique Sparing of Memory in Mice After Whole Brain Irradiation With Dose Rates Above 100 Gy/s”, Radiother Oncol., vol. 124, Issue 3, Sep. 2017, pp. 365-369. [cited by applicant]
Neilson et al., “Design of RF Feed System And Cavities for Standing-wave Accelerator Structure”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vo… [cited by applicant]
Palowitz et al., “MCNPX 2.7.E Extension”, Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-UR-11-01502, MCNPX User's Manual, Version 2. 7.0, Mar. 2011, 77 pages. [cited by applicant]
Peach et al., “Pamela—A Model for an FFAG Based Hadron Therapy Machine”, Proceedings of PAC07, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, Jun. 25-29, 2007, pp. 2880-2882. [cited by applicant]
Perl et al., “TOPAS: an Innovative Proton Monte Carlo Platform for Research and Clinical Applications”, Med. Phys., vol. 39, No. 11, Nov. 2012, pp. 6818-6837. [cited by applicant]
Polster et al., “Extension of TOPAS for the Simulation of Proton Radiation on Molecular and Cellular Endpoints”, Phys Med Biol., vol. 60, No. 13, Jul. 7, 2015, pp. 5053-5070. [cited by applicant]
Schneider et al., “Secondary Neutron Dose during Proton Therapy using Spot Scanning”, International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, vol. 53, Issue 1, May 1, 2002, pp. 244-251. [cited by applicant]
Schuler et al., “Experimental Platform for Ultra-high Dose Rate Flash Irradiation of Small Animals Using a Clinical Linear Accelerator”, Available Online At: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309734777_Experiment… [cited by applicant]
Spratt et al., “Long-term Survival and Toxicity of Patients Treated With Ultra-high-dose IMRT for Localized Prostrate Cancer”, International Journal of Radiation: Oncology Biology Physics, vol. 84, No. 3, Nov. 1, 2012, … [cited by applicant]
Stokes et al., “Organ Preservation for Muscle-Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder in the United States”, International Journal of Radiation: Oncology Biology Physics; vol. 99, No. 2, Oct. 1, 2017, 1 … [cited by applicant]
Suzuki et al., “Abscopal Effect of High-dose-rate Brachytherapy on Pelvic Bone Metastases From Renal Cell Carcinoma: a Case Report”, Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy, vol. 11, No. 5, Oct. 30, 2019, pp. 458-461. [cited by applicant]
Tantawi et al., “Rf Distribution System for a Set of Standing-wave Accelerator Structures”, Physical Review Special Topics-Accelerators and Beams, vol. 9, No. 11, Nov. 10, 2006, pp. 112001-1-112001-6. [cited by applicant]
Teckie et al., “Ultra-High-Dose Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) is Feasible for Tumors in the Head and Neck (HN)”, International Journal Of Radiation: Oncology Biology Physics, vol. 84, No. 3, Nov. 2012, pp. … [cited by applicant]
Till et al., “A Direct Measurement of the Radiation Sensitivity of Normal Mouse Bone Marrow Cells”, Radiation Research, vol. 178, No. 2, 2011, pp. 145-149. [cited by applicant]
Ulmer , “On the Creation of High Energy Bremsstrahlung and Intensity by a Multitarget and Repeated Focusing of the Scattered Electrons by Small-angle Backscatter at the Wall of a Cone and magnetic Fields—A Possible Way … [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 62/535,682, Immunophenotyping, Jul. 21, 2017, 1 pg. [cited by applicant]
Ventura et al., “Localized Synchrotron Irradiation of Mouse Skin Induces Persistent Systemic Genotoxic and Immune Responses”, Available Online At: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2017/11/06/0008-5472.CAN… [cited by applicant]
Walters et al., “DOSXYZnrc Users Manual”, Ionizing Radiation Standards National Research Council of Canada, Available online at: http://irs.inms.nrc.ca/software/beamnrc/documentation/pirs794, Jan. 2010, pp. 1-132. [cited by applicant]
Wilson et al., “Ultra-High Dose Rate (Flash) Radiotherapy: Silver Bullet or Fool's Gold?”, Frontiers in Oncology, vol. 9, Jan. 17, 2020, 9 pages. [cited by applicant]
Yeboah et al., “Optimization of Intensity-modulated very High Energy (50-250 Mev) Electron Therapy”, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 47, No. 8, Apr. 5, 2002, pp. 1285-1301. [cited by applicant]
Yeboah et al., “Optimized Treatment Planning for Prostate Cancer Comparing IMPT, VHEET and 15 MV IMXT”, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 47, No. 13, Jun. 20, 2002, pp. 2247-2261. [cited by applicant]
Zackrisson, “Biological Effects Of High Energy Radiation And Ultra High Dose Rates”, Available Online At: https://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:769196/FULLTEXT01.pdf, 1991, 48 pages. [cited by applicant]
Zenghai et al., “Normal Conducting CW Transverse Crab Cavity For Producing Short Pulses In Spear3”, Proceedings of IPAC2017, Copenhagen, Denmark, May 2017, pp. 2840-2843. [cited by applicant]
Zhou, “Mechanisms Underlying Flash Radiotherapy, a Novel Way to Enlarge the Differential Responses to Ionizing Radiation Between Normal and Tumor Tissues”, Radiation Medicine and Protection, vol. 1, No. 1, Mar. 2020, 25… [cited by applicant]
Zhu et al., “The Achilles' heel of senescent cells: from transcriptome to senolytic drugs”, vol. 14, No. 4, Apr. 22, 2015, pp. 644-658. [cited by applicant]
Dutreix et al., “Radiobiology”, Available Online At: https://siric.institut-curie.org/program/radiobiology, 2016. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 15/068,268, “Final Office Action”, dated Mar. 21, 2019, 22 pages. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 15/896,407, “Non-Final Office Action”, dated Mar. 1, 2019, 9 pages. [cited by applicant]
EP13757604.7, “Notice of Decision to Grant”, dated Apr. 4, 2019, 2 pages. [cited by applicant]
EP13757604.7, “Summons to Attend Oral Proceedings”, Apr. 16, 2019, 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
EP14876485.5, “Summons to Attend Oral Proceedings”, Feb. 22, 2019, 4 pages. [cited by applicant]
Desrosiers et al., “An evaluation of very high energy electron beams (up to 250 MeV) in radiation therapy”, Purdue University, Dec. 2004, 163 pages. [cited by applicant]
Fuchs, “Laser-accelerated particles: Investigations towards applications in radiotherapy”, Retrieved from internet: http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/archiv/7452, 2007, 152 pages. [cited by applicant]
Furukawa et al., “Design study of a raster scanning system for moving target irradiation in heavy-ion radiotherapy”, Medical Physics, vol. 34, No. 3, Mar. 2007, pp. 1085-1097. [cited by applicant]
Glinec et al., “Radiotherapy with laser-plasma accelerators: Monte Carlo simulation of dose deposited by an experimental quasimonoenergetic electron beam”, Medical Physics, vol. 33, No. 1, Jan. 2006, pp. 155-162. [cited by applicant]
Papaconstadopoulos et al., “WE-C-BRB-04: Fast and Accurate Hybrid Source Model for Modulated Electron Radiotherap”, Medical Physics, vol. 39, No. 6, Jun. 2012, p. 3944. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report & Written Opinion dated Apr. 19, 2013 for PCT/US2013/025765, 20 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jul. 9, 2015 for PCT/US2014/055252, 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jul. 2, 2015 for PCT/US2014/055260, 7 pages. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jan. 27, 2015 for PCT/US2014/055270, 16 pages. [cited by applicant]
Walters et al., “DOSXYZnrc Users Manual”, Ionizing Radiation Standards National Research Council of Canada, Retrieved from Internet: http://irs.inms.nrc.ca/software/beamnrc/documentation/pirs794, 2001, pp. 1-109. [cited by applicant]