Battery system thermal management
Power supply systems and associated methods of operation are provided based on the incorporation of a supply of phase change material in thermal contact with at least one cell element capable of a heat-generating charge or discharge of power. Also disclosed, such as for increased or improved heat transfer and dissipation, is battery module incorporation of a heat-conductive containment lattice member such as having a plurality of openings wherein at least a portion of the supply of the phase change material can be disposed as well as the inclusion of a plurality of module housing-protruding heat transfer fins.
1. A battery module comprising:
a housing;
a plurality of electrochemical cell elements contained within the housing, the electrical cell elements capable of a heat-generating charge;
a supply of a phase change material also contained within the housing and in thermal contact with at least one of the plurality of electrochemical cell elements whereby the phase change material absorbs at least a portion of the heat generated upon a charge or discharge of electric power from the at least one of the plurality of electrochemical cell elements, the phase change material having a thermal conductivity; and
a heat-conductive containment lattice member also contained within the housing, the containment lattice member having a plurality of openings wherein at least a portion of the supply of the phase change material is disposed.
2. The battery module of claim 1 wherein the heat generated upon a charge or discharge of electric power from the at least one of the plurality of electrochemical cell elements is more uniformly distributed throughout the battery module as compared to an otherwise identical battery module without the containment lattice member.
3. The battery module of claim 1 wherein the containment lattice member has a thermal conductivity and wherein the thermal conductivity of the containment lattice member is an order of magnitude greater than the thermal conductivity of the phase change material.
4. The battery module of claim 3 wherein the thermal conductivity of the containment lattice member is greater than 10 W·m −1 ·K −1 .
5. The battery module of claim 1 wherein the containment lattice member comprises graphite.
6. The battery module of claim 5 wherein the containment lattice member is a graphite foam.
7. The battery module of claim 1 wherein the containment lattice member comprises a metal graphite composite.
8. The battery module of claim 1 wherein the containment lattice member comprises a metal.
9. The battery module of claim 8 wherein the metal is aluminum.
10. The battery module of claim 9 wherein the containment lattice member is an aluminum foam.
11. The battery module of claim 10 wherein the aluminum foam is open-celled and has a porosity of at least 20%.
12. The battery module of claim 1 wherein the containment lattice member is a foam.
13. The battery module of claim 1 wherein the containment lattice member is a screen.
14. The battery module of claim 1 additionally comprising a quantity of insulation electrically insulating the containment lattice member from the plurality of the electrochemical cell elements.
15. The battery module of claim 1 wherein at least one of the plurality of the cell elements is rechargeable.
16. The battery module of claim 1 wherein at least one of the plurality of the cell elements comprises a Li cell.
17. The battery module of claim 1 wherein at least one of the plurality of the cell elements comprises a fuel cell battery.
18. The battery module of claim 17 wherein the fuel cell battery utilizes hydrogen fuel.
19. The battery module of claim 17 wherein the fuel cell battery utilizes methanol fuel.
20. The battery module of claim 1 additionally comprising a plurality of heat transfer fins protruding from the housing.
21. A method of operating a power supply system, the method comprising:
discharging at least one cell element of a battery module to produce a quantity of power and a quantity of heat,
absorbing at least a portion of the quantity of heat in a phase change material in thermal contact with the discharging cell element with the phase change material disposed in a plurality of openings in a heat-conductive containment lattice member,
following discharge, releasing at least a portion of the absorbed quantity of heat from the phase change material to heat the at least one cell element to a greater than ambient temperature, and
subsequently discharging the heated at least one cell element.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein the phase change material changes from a solid phase to a liquid phase during the absorbing step and from a liquid phase to a solid phase during the releasing step.
23. The method of claim 21 wherein the at least one cell element is one of a plurality of cell elements in a preselected configuration.
24. The method of claim 23 wherein the at least one cell element is discharged in parallel with at least another of the plurality of cell elements.
25. The method of claim 23 wherein the at least one cell element is discharged in series with at least another of the plurality of cell elements.
26. The method of claim 21 wherein at least a portion of the quantity of power is supplied to power an electric vehicle.
27. The method of claim 21 wherein at least a portion of the quantity of power is supplied to power a personal electric device.
28. The method of claim 21 additionally comprising the step of forced circulating a cooling medium externally to the battery module.
29. The method of claim 28 wherein the battery module includes a plurality of protruding heat transfer fins.