Water quality monitoring by Raman spectral analysis
Raman scattering of radiation applied to a water sample is used to assess occurrence of a pathogen in the sample. The method is useful for detecting pathogens that are difficult to detect using other methods, such as protozoa. Examples of organisms that can be detected in water samples using these methods include protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium and the genus Giardia . The methods described herein have important applications, such as for detection of Cryptosporidium organisms in municipal water systems.
1. A method of assessing occurrence of a Cryptosporidium oocyst in an aqueous sample, the method comprising irradiating the sample and assessing radiation scattered from the sample for radiation that exhibits a Raman scattering characteristic of Cryptosporidium oocysts, wherein detection of scattered radiation that exhibits a Raman shift (RS) characteristic of Cryptosporidium oocysts is an indication that a Cryptosporidium oocyst occurs in the sample.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein detection of scattered radiation comprises detection of scattered light that exhibits a Raman shift (RS) value selected from the group consisting of RS values in the range from 500 to 3250 cm −1 .
3. The method of claim 2 , comprising assessing scattered radiation at a plurality of RS values in the range.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein detection of scattered radiation comprises detection of scattered light that exhibits an RS value selected from the group consisting of RS values in the range from about 1000 to 1700 cm −1 and RS values in the range from 2700 to 3200 cm 1 .
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Raman scattering characteristic is an RS value selected from the group consisting of RS values of about 1000, 1080, 1310, 1330, 1450, 1660, 2720, and 2930 cm −1 .
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the Raman scattering characteristic is at least two of the RS values.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the Raman scattering characteristic is a ratio of two of the RS values.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Raman scattering characteristic is a Raman spectrum over at least a portion of RS values in the range from 500 to 3250 cm −1 .
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Raman scattering characteristic is a Raman scattering characteristic of viable Cryptosporidium oocysts.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the Raman scattering characteristic is a Raman scattering characteristic of non-viable Cryptosporidium oocysts.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the Raman scattering characteristic is an RS value selected from the group consisting of 970, 1000, 1050, and 1610 cm −1 .
12. The method of claim 1 , comprising comparing i) Raman scattered light emitted from the sample with ii) a reference value corresponding to Raman scattered light emitted from a sample of the same type that does not comprise Cryptosporidium oocysts.
13. The method of claim 1 , comprising comparing i) Raman scattered light emitted from a portion of the sample which exhibits a non-Raman optical property characteristic of Cryptosporidium oocysts with ii) Raman scattered light emitted from a portion of the sample which does not exhibit the property.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the property is appearance in an microscopic image of a roughly spherical body having a diameter in the approximate range from 2 to 6 micrometers.
15. The method of claim 13 , comprising comparing i) Raman scattered light emitted from a first portion of the sample which, in a microscopic image, comprises a roughly spherical body having a diameter in the approximate range from 2 to 6 micrometers and ii) Raman scattered light emitted from a first portion of the sample which, in a microscopic image, does not comprise such a body.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample is irradiated with substantially monochromatic visible light.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample is irradiated with polarized radiation.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein radiation scattered by the sample is assessed directly from the aqueous sample.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample is dehumidified prior to assessing radiation scattered by the sample.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the sample is substantially dried prior to assessing radiation scattered by the sample.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the sample is substantially dried on a Raman enhancing surface.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the surface comprises a colloidal metal.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample is contacted with a porous substrate assessing radiation scattered by the sample.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the substrate substantially excludes particles having a characteristic dimension of at least about 2 micrometers.
25. The method of claim 23 , wherein the substrate is an ultrafiltration membrane having a pore size not greater than about 1 micrometer.
26. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Cryptosporidium oocysts are selected from the group consisting of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, Cryptosporidium muris oocysts, Cryptosporidium meleagridis oocysts, Cryptosporidium wrairi oocysts, Cryptosporidium felis oocysts, Cryptosporidium serpentis oocysts, Cryptosporidium nasorum oocysts, Cryptosporidium baileyi oocysts, Cryptosporidium sarophilum oocysts, Cryptosporidium canis oocysts, and Cryptosporidium andersoni oocysts.
27. A method of assessing occurrence of a viable Cryptosporidium oocyst in an aqueous sample, the method comprising irradiating the sample and assessing radiation scattered from the sample for radiation that exhibits a Raman scattering characteristic of viable Cryptosporidium oocysts, wherein detection of scattered radiation that exhibits a Raman shift characteristic of Cryptosporidium oocysts is an indication that a viable Cryptosporidium oocyst occurs in the sample.
28. A method of ablating viable Cryptosporidium oocysts in a sample, the method comprising identifying a viable Cryptosporidium oocyst in a portion of the sample by irradiating the sample, assessing radiation scattered from the sample for radiation that exhibits a Raman scattering characteristic of viable Cryptosporidium oocysts, and thereafter delivering an ablating agent to the portion.
29. The method of claim 28 , wherein the ablating agent is radiation.
30. A method of eliminating viable Cryptosporidium oocysts from a sample, the method comprising identifying portions of the sample which comprise a viable Cryptosporidium oocyst by irradiating the sample, assessing radiation scattered from the sample for radiation that exhibits a Raman scattering characteristic of viable Cryptosporidium oocysts, and thereafter delivering an ablating agent to each portion which comprises a viable Cryptosporidium oocyst.
31. A method of assessing whether a Cryptosporidium oocyst in an aqueous sample is viable, the method comprising irradiating a portion of the sample that includes the oocyst and assessing radiation scattered from the portion for radiation that exhibits a Raman scattering characteristic of viable Cryptosporidium oocysts, wherein detection of radiation scattered from the portion that exhibits a Raman shift characteristic of viable Cryptosporidium oocysts is an indication that the oocyst is viable.
32. A method of assessing the source of cryptosporidial contamination of a water source, the method comprising identifying oocysts of a Cryptosporidium species by irradiating a sample of water from the source and assessing radiation scattered from the sample for radiation that exhibits a Raman scattering characteristic of a particular species of Cryptosporidium oocysts, whereby the species of Cryptosporidium oocysts can be correlated with a common host of that species to identify a likely source of the oocysts.