Toner for electrophotography, method of manufacturing the toner, developer, development method, transfer method, and process cartridge using the toner

1. A method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography, comprising the steps of:

dissolving or dispersing a toner composition comprising a resin and a coloring agent into polymerizable monomers to provide a solution or a dispersed system,

emulsifying the solution or the dispersed system with a first surface active agent in an aqueous medium to provide an emulsion, and

polymerizing the polymerizable monomers in the emulsion to obtain toner, wherein

a second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent is added after the emulsifying step.

2. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent is a fluorine-atom containing surface active agent.

3. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the fluorine-atom containing surface active agent is a cationic surface active agent containing a perfluoroalkyl group.

4. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent is a chemical compound represented by the general formula:

wherein

X is one of —SO 2 — and —CO—,

each of R1, R2, R3, and R4 is one of a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group containing 1 through 10 carbon atoms, and an aryl group,

Y is one of I and Br, and

each of r and s is an integer of 1 through 20.

5. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 1 , wherein heating is performed after the second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent is added.

6. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 1 , wherein a charge control agent is also added after the emulsifying step.

7. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 6 , wherein heating is performed after the second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent and the charge control agent are added.

8. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the charge control agent is dispersed in an aqueous medium.

9. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the charge control agent is calixarene and a polymer thereof.

10. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the charge control agent is one of a metal salt and a metal complex of a salicylic acid derivative.

11. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the charge control agent is a fine resin particle.

12. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the fine resin particle contains a fluorine-containing compound.

13. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the fine resin particle is obtained by emulsion polymerization.

14. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the fine resin particle is obtained by copolymerization of at least styrene and methacrylic acid.

15. A method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography, comprising the steps of:

dispersing a toner composition comprising a resin and a coloring agent into an aqueous medium to provide a dispersed system,

aggregating the dispersed system in an aqueous medium containing a first surface active agent to provide an aggregate, and

fusing the aggregate by heating to obtain toner, wherein

a second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent is added after the fusing step.

16. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent is a fluorine-atom containing surface active agent.

17. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 16 , wherein the fluorine-atom containing surface active agent is a cationic surface active agent containing a perfluoroalkyl group.

18. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 16 , wherein the second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent is a chemical compound represented by the general formula:

wherein

X is one of —SO 2 — and —CO—,

each of R1, R2, R3, and R4 is one of a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group containing 1 through 10 carbon atoms, and an aryl group,

Y is one of I and Br, and

each of r and s is an integer of 1 through 20.

19. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 15 , wherein heating is performed after the second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent is added.

20. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 15 , wherein a charge control agent is also added after the fusing step.

21. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 20 , wherein heating is performed after the second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent and the charge control agent are added.

22. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 20 , wherein the charge control agent is dispersed in an aqueous medium.

23. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 20 , wherein the charge control agent is calixarene and a polymer thereof.

24. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 20 , wherein the charge control agent is one of a metal salt and a metal complex of a salicylic acid derivative.

25. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 20 , wherein the charge control agent is a fine resin particle.

26. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 25 , wherein the fine resin particle contains a fluorine-containing compound.

27. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 25 , wherein the fine resin particle is obtained by emulsion polymerization.

28. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 25 , wherein the fine resin particle is obtained by copolymerization of at least styrene and methacrylic acid.

29. A method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography, comprising the steps of:

dissolving or dispersing a toner composition comprising a resin and a coloring agent into an organic solvent to provide a solution or a dispersed system,

emulsifying the solution or the dispersed system with a first surface active agent in an aqueous medium to provide an emulsion, and

eliminating the organic solvent from the emulsion to obtain toner, wherein

a second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent is added after the emulsifying step.

30. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 29 , wherein the second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent is a fluorine-atom containing surface active agent.

31. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 30 , wherein the fluorine-atom containing surface active agent is a cationic surface active agent containing a perfluoroalkyl group.

32. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 30 , wherein the second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent is a chemical compound represented by the general formula:

wherein

X is one of —SO 2 — and —CO—,

each of R1, R2, R3, and R4 is one of a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group containing 1 through 10 carbon atoms, and an aryl group,

Y is one of I and Br, and

each of r and s is an integer of 1 through 20.

33. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 29 , wherein heating is performed after the second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent is added.

34. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 29 , wherein a charge control agent is also added after the emulsifying step.

35. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 34 , wherein heating is performed after the second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent and the charge control agent are added.

36. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 34 , wherein the charge control agent is dispersed in an aqueous medium.

37. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 34 , wherein the charge control agent is calixarene and a polymer thereof.

38. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 34 , wherein the charge control agent is one of a metal salt and a metal complex of a salicylic acid derivative.

39. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 34 , wherein the charge control agent is a fine resin particle.

40. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 39 , wherein the fine resin particle contains a fluorine-containing compound.

41. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 39 , wherein the fine resin particle is obtained by emulsion polymerization.

42. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 39 , wherein the fine resin particle is obtained by copolymerization of at least styrene and methacrylic acid.

43. A method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography, comprising the steps of:

dissolving or dispersing a toner composition comprising a resin, a coloring agent, and polymerizable monomers into an organic solvent to provide a solution or a dispersed system,

emulsifying the solution or the dispersed system with a first surface active agent in an aqueous medium to provide an emulsion,

polymerizing the polymerizable monomers in the emulsion to obtain a polymer liquid, and

eliminating the organic solvent from the polymer liquid to obtain toner, wherein

a second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent is added after the emulsifying step.

44. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 43 , wherein the polymerizable monomer comprises a compound having an isocyanate group at a terminal thereof.

45. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 43 , wherein the second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent is a fluorine-atom containing surface active agent.

46. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 45 , wherein the fluorine-atom containing surface active agent is a cationic surface active agent containing a perfluoroalkyl group.

47. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 45 , wherein the second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent is a chemical compound represented by the general formula:

wherein

X is one of —SO 2 — and —CO—,

each of R1, R2, R3, and R4 is one of a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group containing 1 through 10 carbon atoms, and an aryl group,

Y is one of I and Br, and

each of r and s is an integer of 1 through 20.

48. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 43 , wherein heating is performed after the second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent is added.

49. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 43 , wherein a charge control agent is also added after the emulsifying step.

50. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 49 , wherein the polymerizable monomer comprises a compound having an isocyanate group at a terminal thereof.

51. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 49 , wherein heating is performed after the second surface active agent having polarity opposite to polarity of the first surface active agent and the charge control agent are added.

52. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 49 , wherein the charge control agent is a charge control agent dispersed in an aqueous medium.

53. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 49 , wherein the charge control agent is calixarene and a polymer thereof.

54. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 49 , wherein the charge control agent is one of a metal salt and a metal complex of a salicylic acid derivative.

55. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 49 , wherein the charge control agent is a fine resin particle.

56. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 55 , wherein the fine resin particle contains a fluorine-containing compound.

57. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 55 , wherein the fine resin particle is obtained by emulsion polymerization.

58. The method of manufacturing toner for electrophotography as claimed in claim 55 , wherein the fine resin particle is obtained by copolymerization of at least styrene and methacrylic acid.