Plasma-assisted melting

1. A plasma-assisted melting method comprising:

Forming a plasma in a cavity by subjecting a first gas to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency less than about 333 GHz in the presence of a plasma catalyst;

wherein the plasma catalyst comprises at least one of an active plasma catalyst and a passive plasma catalyst;

wherein the catalyst comprises at least one of metal, inorganic material, carbon, carbon-based alloy, carbon-based composite, electrically conductive polymer, conductive silicone elastomer, polymer nanocomposite, and an organic-inorganic composite;

heating a second gas with the plasma;

adding a solid to a melting vessel;

directing the heated second gas toward the solid sufficient to at least melt the solid into a liquid; and

collecting the liquid.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solid comprises a metal and the liquid comprises a molten metal.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forming occurs at a gas pressure that is at least atmospheric pressure.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subjecting comprises directing the electromagnetic radiation from a plurality of radiation sources into the cavity.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second gases are the substantially the same.

6. A plasma-assisted melting method comprising:

forming a plasma in a cavity by subjecting a first gas to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency less than about 333 GHz in the presence of a plasma catalyst;

wherein the catalyst is in the form of at least one of a nano-particle, a nano-tube, a powder, a dust, a flake, a fiber, a sheet, a needle, a thread, a strand, a filament, a yarn, a twine, a shaving, a sliver, a chip, a woven fabric, a tape, and a whisker;

heating a second gas with the plasma;

adding a solid to a melting vessel;

directing the heated second gas toward the solid sufficient to at least melt the solid into a liquid; and

collecting the liquid.

7. A plasma-assisted melting method comprising:

forming a plasma in a cavity by subjecting a first gas to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency less than about 333 GHz in the presence of a plasma, catalyst;

wherein the plasma catalyst comprises an active plasma catalyst including at least one ionizing particle;

heating a second gas with the plasma;

adding a solid to a melting vessel;

directing the heating second gas toward the solid sufficient to at least melt the solid into a liquid; and

collecting the liquid.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the at least one ionizing particle comprises a beam of particles.

9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the particle is at least one of an x-ray particle, a gamma ray particle, an alpha particle, a beta particle, a neutron, and a proton.

10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the at least one ionizing particle is a charged particle.

11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the ionizing particle comprises a radioactive fission product.

12. A plasma-assisted melting method comprising:

adding a solid to a melting region;

forming a plasma in a cavity by subjecting a gas to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency less than about 333 GHz in the presence of a plasma catalyst, wherein the cavity has a wall;

wherein the plasma catalyst comprises at least one of an active plasma catalyst and a passive plasma catalyst;

wherein the catalyst comprises at least one metal, inorganic material, carbon, carbon-based alloy, carbon-based composite, electrically conductive polymer, conductive silicone elastomer, polymer nanocomposite, and an organic-inorganic composite;

sustaining the plasma in the cavity such that energy from the plasma passes through the wall into the melting region and melts the solid into liquid; and

collecting the liquid.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the catalyst is in the form of at least one of a nano-particle, a nano-tube, a powder, a dust, a flake, a fiber, a sheet, a needle, a thread, a strand, a filament, a yarn, a twine, a shaving, a sliver, a chip, a woven fabric, a tape, and a whisker.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the catalyst comprises carbon fiber.

15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the forming occurs at a gas pressure that is at least atmospheric pressur.

16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the melting region is substantially defined by the wall of an inner tube and wherein the cavity is defined between the inner tube and an outer tube substantially surrounding the inner tube.

17. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:

flowing the gas into the cavity near the inner tube during the sustaining; and

flowing a second gas into the cavity near the outer tube during the sustaining, wherein the second gas does not substantially form the plasma.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the melting region is a substantially vertical channel, and wherein the adding comprises adding metal ore to a top end of the melting region and collecting molten metal near a bottom end of the melting region.

19. The method of claim 12 , further comprising flowing the gas into the cavity during the sustaining.

20. The method of claim 12 , further comprising directing the radiation into the cavity through a coaxial waveguide.

21. The method of claim 12 , wherein the subjecting comprises directing the electromagnetic radiation from a plurality of radiation sources into the cavity.

22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the plurality of radiation sources comprises at least one ring of magnetrons.

23. The method of claim 21 wherein the sustaining comprises permitting thermal energy to conduct through the wall.

24. The method of claim 12 , wherein the cavity comprises a plurality of elongated cavities in thermal communication with the melting region.

25. A plasma-assisted melting method comprising:

adding a solid to a melting region;

forming a plasma in a cavity by subjecting a gas to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency less than about 333 GHz in the presence of a plasma catalyst, wherein the cavity has a wall;

wherein the plasma catalyst comprises at least one of an active plasma catalyst and a passive plasma catalyst; and

wherein the catalyst is in the form of at least one of a nano-particle, a nano-tube, a powder, a dust, a flake, a fiber, a sheet, a needle, a thread, a strand, a filament, a yarn, a twine, a shaving, a sliver, a chip, a woven fabric, a tape, and a whisker.

26. A plasma-assisted melting method comprising:

adding a solid to a melting region;

forming a plasma in a cavity by subjecting a gas to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency less than about 333 GHz in the presence of a plasma catalyst, wherein the cavity has a wall;

wherein the plasma catalyst comprises an active plasma catalyst including at least one ionizing particle;

sustaining the plasma in the cavity such that energy from the plasma passes through the wall into the melting region and melts the solid into liquid; and

collecting the liquid.

27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the at least one ionizing particle comprises a beam of particles.

28. The method of claim 26 , wherein the particle is at least one of an x-ray particle, a gamma ray particle, an alpha particle, a beta particle, a neutron, and a proton.

29. The method of claim 26 , wherein the at least one ionizing particle is a charged particle.

30. The method of claim 26 , wherein the ionizing particle comprises a radioactive fission product.

31. A plasma-assisted melting method comprising:

adding a solid to a melting region;

forming a plasma in a cavity by subjecting a gas to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency less than about 333 GHz in the presence of a plasma catalyst, wherein the cavity has a wall;

sustaining the plasma in the cavity such that energy from the plasma passes through the wall into the melting region and melts the solid into liquid;

wherein the melting region is substantially defined by the wall of an inner tube and wherein the cavity is defined between the inner tube and an outer tube substantially surrounding the inner tube;

wherein the inner tube has an outer diameter and the outer tube has an inner diameter, wherein the ratio of the inner diameter to the outer diameter is between about 2.5 and about 3.0; and

collecting the liquid.

32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the ratio is about 2.72.

33. A plasma-assisted melting method comprising:

adding a solid to a melting region;

forming a plasma in a cavity by subjecting a gas to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency less than about 333 GHz in the presence of a plasma catalyst, wherein the cavity has a wall; and

wherein the cavity has a first axial end, the method further comprises launching the radiation into the main cavity from at least the first axial end;

sustaining the plasma in the cavity such that energy from the plasma passes through the wall into the melting region and melts the solid into liquid; and

collecting the liquid.

34. A plasma-assisted melting method comprising:

adding a solid to a melting region;

forming a plasma in a cavity by subjecting a gas to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency less than about 333 GHz in the presence of a plasma catalyst, wherein the cavity has a wall;

sustaining the plasma in the cavity such that energy from the plasma passes through the wall into the melting region and melts the solid into liquid;

wherein the cavity has a spiral shape that is wrapped around the melting region; and

collecting the liquid.

35. A plasma-assisted melting method comprising:

forming a plasma in a cavity by subjecting a gas to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency less than about 333 GHz in the presence of a plasma catalyst;

wherein the subjecting comprises directing the electromagnetic radiation from a plurality of radiation sources into the cavity;

wherein the plurality of radiation sources comprises at least one ring of magnetrons;

conveying metal through the plasma until the metal melts into a molten metal; and

collecting the molten metal.

36. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is in the form of at least one of a nano-particle, a nano-tube, a powder, a dust, a flake, a fiber, a sheet, a needle, a thread, a strand, a filament, a yarn, a twine, a shaving, a sliver, a chip, a woven fabric, a tape, and a whisker.

37. The method of claim 36 , wherein the catalyst comprises carbon fiber.

38. The method of claim 35 , wherein the cavity is in fluid communication with the melting region through a plurality of apertures, the method further comprising forming a plurality of respective plasma jets directed into the melting region at the apertures.

39. A plasma-assisted melting method comprising:

forming a plasma in a cavity by subjecting a gas to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency less than about 333 GHz in the presence of a plasma catalyst;

wherein the plasma catalyst comprises at least one of an active plasma catalyst and a passive plasma catalyst;

conveying metal through the plasma until the metal melts into a molten metal; and

collecting the molten metal.

40. The method of claim 39 , wherein the catalyst comprises at least one of metal, inorganic material, carbon, carbon-based alloy, carbon-based composite, electrically conductive polymer, conductive silicone elastomer, polymer nanocomposite, and an organic-inorganic composite.

41. The method of claim 40 , wherein the catalyst is in the form of at least one of a nano-particle, a nano-tube, a powder, a dust, a flake, a fiber, a sheet, a needle, a thread, a strand, a filament, a yarn, a twine, a shaving, a sliver, a chip, a woven fabric, a tape, and a whisker.

42. The method of claim 41 , wherein the catalyst comprises carbon fiber.

43. The method of claim 39 , wherein the catalyst is in the form of at least one of a nano-particle, a nano-tube, a powder, a dust, a flake, a fiber, a sheet, a needle, a thread, a strand, a filament, a yarn, a twine, a shaving, a sliver, a chip, a woven fabric, a tape, and a whisker.

44. The method of claim 39 , wherein the plasma catalyst comprises an active plasma catalyst including at least one ionizing particle.

45. The method of claim 44 , wherein the at least one ionizing particle comprises a beam of particles.

46. The method of claim 44 , wherein the particle is at least one of an x-ray particle, a gamma ray particle, an alpha particle, a beta particle, a neutron, and a proton.

47. The method of claim 44 , wherein the at least one ionizing particle is a charged particle.

48. The method of claim 44 , wherein the ionizing particle comprises a radioactive fission product.

49. A plasma-assisted melting method comprising:

forming a plasma in a cavity by subjecting a gas to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency less than about 333 GHz in the presence of a plasma catalyst;

conveying metal through the plasma until the metal melts into a molten metal;

wherein the conveying is on a heat-resistant conveyor and the plasma is formed beneath the conveyer; and

collecting the molten metal.