Capsules, materials for use therein and electrophoretic media and displays containing such capsules
An encapsulation material, intended for use in encapsulated electrophoretic displays, comprises the coacervation product of a polyanionic polymer having a vinyl main chain and a plurality of anionic groups bonded to the main chain, with a cationic or zwitterionic water-soluble polymer capable of forming an immiscible second phase on contact with the polyanionic polymer.
1. A capsule comprising a capsule wall and an internal phase encapsulated by the capsule wall, the internal phase comprising a suspending fluid and a plurality of electrically charged particles suspended in the suspending fluid and capable of moving therethrough upon application of an electric field to the capsule, the capsule wall being formed of a material which is swellable by the suspending fluid.
2. A capsule according to claim 1 in which the internal phase comprises a hydrocarbon and the capsule wall material comprises any one or more of a silicone, a polymer derived from a vinylic monomer, and a polyurethane.
3. A capsule according to claim 1 in which the internal surface of the capsule wall bears at least one polymer chain which is solvated by the suspending fluid.
4. A capsule according to claim 3 in which the internal phase comprises a hydrocarbon and the polymer chain has a main chain and a plurality of side chains extending from the main chain, each of the side chains comprising at least about four carbon atoms.
5. An electrophoretic medium comprising a plurality of capsules according to claim 1 and a binder surrounding the capsules.
6. An electrophoretic medium according to claim 5 in which the binder is substantially not swellable by the suspending fluid.
7. An electrophoretic medium according to claim 6 further comprising a layer of an adhesive, the adhesive not being substantially swellable by the suspending fluid.
8. An electrophoretic medium comprising a plurality of capsules in a polymeric binder, each capsule comprising a capsule wall and an internal phase encapsulated by the capsule wall, the internal phase comprising a suspending fluid and a plurality of electrically charged particles suspended in the suspending fluid and capable of moving therethrough upon application of an electric field to the capsule, the electrophoretic medium also comprising a layer of a lamination adhesive in contact with the binder, at least one of the polymeric binder and lamination adhesive being formed from a blend of a plurality of materials, the blend having lower changes in volume resistivity with humidity than any of its component materials separately.
9. An electrophoretic medium according to claim 8 in which the blend comprises a plurality of polyurethanes.
10. An electrophoretic medium comprising a plurality of capsules in a polymeric binder, each capsule comprising a capsule wall and an internal phase encapsulated by the capsule wall, the internal phase comprising a suspending fluid and a plurality of electrically charged particles suspended in the suspending fluid and capable of moving therethrough upon application of an electric field to the capsule, the polymeric binder being formed from a blend of a plurality of materials, the blend having lower changes in volume resistivity with humidity than any of its component materials separately.
11. An electrophoretic medium according to claim 10 in which the blend comprises a plurality of polyurethanes.