Method of depositing S-layer proteins on a carrier to immobilize functional molecules
On a carrier surface, a layer of S-layer proteins is produced as a carrier of functional molecules. A solution containing S-layer proteins in the form of monomers or oligomers is brought into contact with the carrier surface. Electrochemical conditions are produced in the solution such that the S-layer proteins (SU) have an electrical net charge by establishing an electrochemical potential difference between the solution and the carrier surface such that the S-layer proteins accumulate on the carrier surface. A two-dimensional crystalline structure is formed in the layer, and this can occur at a time separate from the deposition of the S-layer proteins, and under different electrochemical conditions.
1. A method for producing a layer of S-layer proteins on a carrier surface to provide a carrier for functional molecules, comprising the steps of:
providing a carrier surface;
providing a first solution containing S-layer proteins;
bringing the first solution into contact with the carrier surface and providing a reference electrode in the first solution;
depositing the S-layer proteins as a layer on the carrier surface at first electrochemical conditions on the carrier surface while in contact with the first solution, said electrochemical conditions being provided by applying a first electrochemical potential to the carrier surface with respect to said reference electrode in said first solution; and
forming a two-dimensional crystalline structure in the layer of S-layer proteins while in contact with the first solution or a second solution after being deposited on the carrier surface, at second electrochemical conditions on the carrier surface, said electrochemical conditions being provided by applying a second electrochemical potential to the carrier surface with respect to said reference electrode.
2. The method as described in claim 1 , wherein the layer of S-layer proteins is in contact with the first solution when forming the two-dimensional crystalline structure, and between the steps of depositing a layer of S-layer proteins and forming of a crystalline structure, at least one chemical parameter of the first solution is varied.
3. The method as described in claim 1 , wherein the layer of S-layer proteins is in contact with the first solution when forming the two-dimensional crystalline structure, and between the steps of depositing a layer of S-layer proteins and forming of a crystalline structure, at least one electrochemical parameter of the first solution is varied.
4. The method as described in claim 1 , wherein in at least one of the steps of depositing of the S-layer proteins and forming of a crystalline structure, a conformation change of the S-layer proteins occurs.
5. The method as described in claim 1 , wherein at least one of the steps of depositing the S-layer proteins and forming of a crystalline structure is controlled by a time-varied electrochemical potential.
6. The method as described in claim 1 , wherein depositing the S-layer proteins is carried out in a first solution containing the reference electrode and forming a crystalline structure is carried out in a second solution.
7. The method as described in claim 6 , wherein a net charge is electrostatically applied to the carrier surface before it is brought into contact with the first solution and said net charge is maintained until it is brought into contact with the second solution.
8. The method as described in claim 6 , wherein a net charge is electrochemically applied to the carrier surface in the first solution and said net charge is maintained until it is brought into contact with the second solution.
9. The method as described in claim 6 , wherein the carrier surface is transported from the first solution for depositing of the S-layer proteins to the second solution for forming the crystalline structure, both the first and second solutions being in contact with the reference electrode.
10. The method as described in claim 1 , wherein functional molecules are bonded to S-layer proteins before the depositing of the S-layer proteins, and the functional molecules are deposited on the carrier surface together with the S-layer proteins.
11. The method as described in claim 1 , wherein, after formation of the crystalline structure in the layer of S-layer proteins, functional molecules are deposited on the layer at bonding sites of the layer.
12. The method as described in claim 1 , wherein, after the formation of the crystalline structure in the layer of S-layer proteins, electrochemical nanoparticles are deposited on the layer at bonding sites of the layer.
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical potential is applied potentiostatically.
14. The method as described in claim 4 , wherein the conformation change is denaturing of S-layer proteins.
15. The method as described in claim 4 , wherein the conformation change is renaturing of S-layer proteins.