Patterning of surfaces utilizing microfluidic stamps including three-dimensionally arrayed channel networks
The present invention describes improved microfluidic systems and procedures for fabricating improved microfluidic systems, which contain one or more levels of microfluidic channels. The methods for fabrication the systems disclosed can provide a convenient route to topologically complex and improved microfluidic systems. The microfluidic systems can include three-dimensionally arrayed networks of fluid flow paths therein including channels that cross over or under other channels of the network without physical intersection at the points of cross over. The microfluidic networks can be fabricated via replica molding processes utilizing mold masters including surfaces having topological features formed by photolithography. The present invention also involves microfluidic systems and methods for fabricating complex patterns of materials, such as biological materials and cells, on surfaces utilizing the microfluidic systems. Specifically, the invention provides microfluidic surface patterning systems and methods for fabricating complex, discontinuous patterns on surfaces that can incorporate or deposit multiple materials onto the surfaces. The present invention also provides improved microfluidic stamps or applicators for microcontact surface patterning, which are able to pattern onto a surface arbitrary two-dimensional patterns, and which are able to pattern multiple substances onto a surface without the need for multiple steps of registration or stamping during patterning and without the need to selectively “ink” different regions of the stamp with different materials.
1. A method of patterning a material surface comprising:
providing a stamp having a structure including at least one non-linear fluid flow path therein in fluid communication with a stamping surface of the structure, the non-linear fluid flow path comprising a first channel segment thereof disposed within an interior region of the stamp structure and not completely traversing an entire thickness of the stamp structure, and a second channel segment thereof formed by an indentation disposed within the stamping surface of the structure, and said first and second segments being fluidically interconnected so fluid can flow from the first segment to the second segment;
contacting the stamping surface with a portion of the material surface; and
while maintaining the stamping surface in contact with the portion of the material surface, at least partially filling the flow path with a fluid so that at least a portion of the fluid contacts the material surface from the indentation to provide a pattern on the material surface.
2. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 1 , wherein the stamp structure comprises at least two of said non-linear fluid flow paths including a first non-linear fluid flow path and a second non-linear fluid flow path which are not fluidically interconnected, and while maintaining the stamping surface in contact with the portion of the material surface, at least partially filling each of said first and second fluid flow paths with a fluid so that at least a portion of the fluid of each of said first and second fluid flow paths contacts the material surface to provide a first pattern from fluid in the first fluid flow path and a second pattern from fluid in the second fluid flow path on the material surface.
3. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 1 , wherein the stamp is fabricated from an elastomeric material.
4. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 3 , wherein the elastomeric material comprises a silicone polymer.
5. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 4 , wherein the silicone polymer comprises poly(dimethylsiloxane).
6. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 1 , wherein the fluid comprises at least one protein, and wherein the pattern provided on the material surface is comprised of a deposited layer of the protein.
7. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 6 , wherein the at least one protein comprises a protein tending to inhibit cell adhesion to the material surface.
8. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 7 , wherein the at least one protein comprises bovine serum albumin.
9. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 6 , wherein the at least one protein comprises a protein tending to promote cell adhesion to the material surface.
10. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 9 , wherein the at least one protein comprises a protein selected from the group consisting of: fibrinogen; collagen; laminin; integrins; antibodies; antigens; cell receptor proteins; cell receptor antagonists; combinations thereof; and combinations of at least one of the above proteins with at least one other protein that is not a member of the group.
11. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 1 , wherein the fluid comprises a liquid containing an inorganic material, and wherein the pattern provided on the material surface is comprised of a deposited layer of the inorganic material.
12. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 1 , wherein the fluid is chemically reactive with the material surface.
13. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 12 , wherein the fluid etches at least a portion of the material surface.
14. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 1 , wherein the fluid comprises a liquid suspension of a plurality of cells, and wherein the pattern provided on the material surface is comprised of a deposited layer of cells.
15. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 14 , wherein the plurality of cells comprises a plurality of mammalian cells.
16. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 15 , wherein the mammalian cells are anchorage dependent cells.
17. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 16 , wherein the mammalian cells comprise cells selected from the group consisting of capillary endothelial cells; tumor cells; combinations thereof and combinations of at least one of the above cell types with at least one other cell type that is not a member of the group.
18. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 14 , further comprising, the steps of:
incubating the plurality of cells within the at least one flow path in contact with the material surface; and
allowing the cells to attach and spread onto the material surface.
19. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 17 , wherein the method is part of an in vitro assay able to determine interactions between different cell types.
20. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 17 , wherein the method is part of an in vitro assay able to determine an angiogenic potential of tumor cells.
21. The method of patterning a material surface as in claim 18 , wherein the pattern produced simulates a desired tissue micro-architecture.