Pharmaceutical gallium compositions and methods
Novel pharmaceutical gallium compositions, including gallium complexes having increased oral bioavailability relative to uncomplexed gallium salts are disclosed. Such compositions are useful in the treatment of conditions and diseases in which inhibition of abnormally increased calcium resorption is desired, including cancer, hypercalcemia, osteoporosis, osteopenia and Paget's disease. Methods for preparation and treatment are also provided.
1. A gallium complex comprising gallium and a compound represented by structural formula I:
2-OH—Ar—CR 1 —NR 2 —R 3 —COOH I
wherein 2-OH—Ar is an optionally substituted 2-hydroxyaryl;
R 1 is —OH or ═O;
R 2 is hydrogen, hydroxyl or an optionally substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, or C 2 -C 4 alkenyl; and
R 3 is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, C 2 -C 20 alkynl, C 1 -C 10 alkylaryl, C 1 -C 10 arylalkyl, C 2 -C 10 alkenylaryl, C 2 -C 10 arylalkenyl, C 2 -C 10 alkynylaryl or C 2 -C 10 arylalkynyl, which optionally is interrupted by O, N, S or any combination thereof.
2. The gallium complex of claim 1 , wherein the compound is represented by the formula:
wherein Z is H or a halo and n is 3-11.
3. The gallium complex of claim 2 , wherein Z is H and n is 7 or 9 or Z is chlorine and n is 3.
4. The gallium complex of claim 1 , wherein the compound is represented by the formula:
wherein n is 3-11.
5. The gallium complex of claim 4 , wherein n is 9.
6. The gallium complex of claim 1 , wherein the complex exhibits increased oral bioavailability upon administration compared to uncomplexed gallium.
7. The gallium complex of claim 6 , wherein the oral bioavailability is increased from about 3-fold to about 10-fold up to about 1 hour following administration.
8. A method for preparing a gallium complex comprising reacting gallium with a compound represented by structural formula I:
2-OH—Ar—CR 1 —NR 2 —R 3 —COOH I
wherein 2-OH—Ar is an optionally substituted 2-hydroxyaryl;
R 1 is —OH or ═O;
R 2 is hydrogen, hydroxyl or an optionally substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, or C 2 -C 4 alkenyl; and
R 3 is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, C 2 -C 20 alkynl, C 1 -C 10 alkylaryl, C 1 -C 10 arylalkyl, C 2 -C 10 alkenylaryl, C 2 -C 10 arylalkenyl, C 2 -C 10 alkynylaryl or C 2 -C 10 arylalkynyl, which optionally is interrupted by O, N, S or any combination thereof, under conditions sufficient to form said gallium complex.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the gallium complex is prepared prior to administration to a patient.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the gallium complex is formed in situ following administration to a patient.
11. A pharmaceutical composition for administering gallium to a patient comprising gallium, a compound represented by structural formula I:
2-OH—Ar—CR 1 —NR 2 —R 3 —COOH I
wherein 2-OH—Ar is an optionally substituted 2-hydroxyaryl;
R 1 is —OH or ═O;
R 2 is hydrogen, hydroxyl or an optionally substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, or C 2 -C 4 alkenyl; and
R 3 is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, C 2 -C 20 alkynl, C 1 -C 10 alkylaryl, C 1 -C 10 arylalkyl, C 2 -C 10 alkenylaryl, C 2 -C 10 arylalkenyl, C 2 -C 10 alkynylaryl or C 2 -C 10 arylalkynyl, which optionally is interrupted by O, N, S or any combination thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 , wherein the composition is in solid form for oral administration.
13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 , wherein the composition further comprises a means to inhibit dissociation of the gallium complex under the acidic conditions of the stomach.
14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13 , wherein the means to inhibit dissociation of the gallium complex under the acidic conditions of the stomach comprises a hydrogel, a liposome, an enteric coating, or combinations thereof.
15. The pharmaceutical compound of claim 11 , wherein the gallium is provided in the form of gallium nitrate.
16. A method for treating a condition or disease characterized by excessive bone resorption comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of gallium and a compound represented by structural formula I:
2-OH—Ar—CR 1 —NR 2 —R 3 —COOH I
wherein 2-OH—Ar is an optionally substituted 2-hydroxyaryl;
R 1 is —OH or ═O;
R 2 is hydrogen, hydroxyl or an optionally substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, or C 2 -C 4 alkenyl; and
R 3 is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, C 2 -C 20 alkynl, C 1 -C 10 alkylaryl, C 1 -C 10 arylalkyl, C 2 -C 10 alkenylaryl, C 2 -C 10 arylalkenyl, C 2 -C 10 alkynylaryl or C 2 -C 10 arylalkynyl, which optionally is interrupted by O, N, S or any combination thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the compound is represented by the formula:
wherein Z is H or a halo and n is 3-11.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein Z is H and n is 7 or 9, or Z is chlorine and n is 3.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of cancer, hypercalcemia, osteoporosis, osteopenia, Paget's disease, malignant bone disease, bone degeneration due to hyperparathyroidism and tissue wounds.
20. The method of claim 16 , wherein the gallium is administered in the range from about 0.25 mg/kg/day to about 10 mg/kg/day.