System and methods for biological selenium removal from water
A biological system for removing selenium from waste water comprises a first immobilized cell bioreactor (ICB) and a selenide removal module. The first ICB comprises a chamber having a substrate housed therein and situated to contact the waste water flowing therethrough during use. Anaerobic microorganisms are supported on the substrate, and comprise selenium respiring bacteria capable of reducing selenates and selenites to insoluble elemental selenium and/or sulfate reducing bacteria capable of reducing selenates and selenites to insoluble elemental selenium or to soluble selenides. The selenide removal module includes metallic or oxidized iron compounds capable of chemically reacting with selenide or sulfide compounds in the waste water to form iron selenide or iron sulfide precipitates.
1. A biological system for removing selenium from waste water, the system comprising the steps of:
a first immobilized cell bioreactor (ICB), comprising:
a chamber, including a first inlet for receiving the waste water and a first outlet for releasing the waste water,
a substrate housed inside the chamber and situated to contact the waste water flowing therethrough during use,
anaerobic microorganisms supported on the substrate, the anaerobic microorganisms comprising sulfate reducing bacteria capable of reducing selenates and selenites to soluble selenides; and
a selenide removal module, including a second inlet for receiving the waste water from the first ICB, a second outlet for releasing the waste water, and metallic or oxidized iron compounds capable of chemically reacting with selenide or sulfide compounds in the waste water to form iron selenide or iron sulfide precipitates.
2. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the selenide removal module further comprises a gas scrubber, comprising:
a gas inlet for introducing a gas into the selenide removal module and flowing the gas through the waste water to capture at least volatile selenides therefrom in an outgassing stream; and
a gas outlet for releasing the outgassing stream from the selenide removal module.
3. The system according to claim 2 , further comprising a pH control system, comprising:
an acid or base supply in fluid communication with the selenide removal module; and
a controller coupled and configured to regulate introduction of the acid or base into the selenide removal module and thereby bring the waste water to a pH level at which capture of at least volatile selenides in the outgassing stream is optimized.
4. The system according to claim 2 , further comprising a gas source in fluid communication with the gas inlet, and containing a gas adapted to capture at least volatile selenides from the waste water.
5. The system according to claim 4 , wherein the gas is further adapted to capture volatile sulfides from the waste water.
6. The system according to claim 5 , wherein the gas is selected from the group consisting of air, nitrogen, and an inert gas.
7. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the selenide removal module further comprises:
a mechanical agitator for agitating the waste water stream and thereby releasing at least volatile selenides from the waste water and into an outgassing stream; and
a gas outlet for releasing the outgassing stream from the selenide removal module.
8. The system according to claim 1 , further comprising an off gas iron-containing scrubber for removing at least volatile selenides from offgas produced from the first ICB or the selenide removal module.
9. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the metallic or oxidized iron compounds are selected from the group consisting of an iron sponge, a ferric iron additive, and a ferrous iron additive.
10. The system according to claim 1 , further comprising:
a second immobilized cell bioreactor (ICB) in fluid communication with the first ICB, the second ICB comprising:
a chamber, including a first inlet for receiving the waste water and a first outlet for releasing the waste water,
a substrate housed inside the chamber and situated to contact the waste water flowing therethrough during use, and
aerobic microorganisms supported on the substrate, the microorganisms being capable of removing predetermined pollutants from the waste water.
11. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the anaerobic microorganisms further comprise selenium respiring bacteria capable of reducing selenates and selenites to insoluble elemental selenium.
12. The system according to claim 1 , wherein sulfate reducing bacteria is further capable of reducing selenates and selenites to insoluble elemental selenium.
13. A biological method for removing selenium from waste water, the method comprising the steps of:
passing the waste water through a chamber in a first immobilized cell bioreactor (ICB) comprising anaerobic microorganisms supported on a substrate, the anaerobic microorganisms comprising sulfate reducing bacteria capable of reducing selenates and selenites to soluble selenides; and
passing the waste water from the first ICB through a selenide removal module including metallic or oxidized iron compounds capable of chemically reacting with selenide or sulfide compounds in the waste water to form iron selenide or iron sulfide precipitates.
14. The method according to claim 13 , further comprising:
introducing a gas into the selenide removal module and flowing the gas through the waste water to thereby capture at least volatile selenides therefrom in an outgassing stream.
15. The method according to claim 14 , further comprising a pH control system, comprising:
introducing an acid or base into the selenide removal module and thereby bringing the waste water to a pH level at which capture of at least volatile selenides in the outgassing stream is optimized.
16. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the step of introducing a gas into the selenide removal module further captures volatile sulfides from the waste water.
17. The method according to claim 16 , wherein the gas is selected from the group consisting of air, nitrogen, and an inert gas.
18. The method according to claim 13 , further comprising:
mechanically agitating the waste water stream in the selenide removal module and thereby releasing at least volatile selenides from the waste water and into an outgassing stream.
19. The method according to claim 13 , further comprising:
passing an offgas produced from the first ICB or the selenide removal module through an iron-containing scrubber for removing at least volatile selenides from the offgas.
20. The method according to claim 13 , wherein the metallic or oxidized iron compounds are selected from the group consisting of an iron sponge, a ferric iron additive, and a ferrous iron additive.
21. The method according to claim 13 , further comprising:
passing the waste water through a chamber in a second immobilized cell bioreactor (ICB) in fluid communication with the first ICB and comprising aerobic microorganisms supported on a substrate, the microorganisms being capable of removing predetermined pollutants from the waste water.
22. The method according to claim 13 , wherein the step of passing comprises the step of passing the waste water through the chamber in the first immobilized cell bioreactor (ICB) comprising the anaerobic microorganisms that further comprise selenium respiring bacteria capable of reducing selenates and selenites to insoluble elemental selenium.
23. The method according to claim 13 , wherein the step of passing comprises the step of passing the waste water through the chamber in the first immobilized cell bioreactor (ICB) comprising the anaerobic microorganisms that comprise the sulfate reducing bacteria that is further capable of reducing selenates and selenites to insoluble elemental selenium.