Combustion apparatus and methods for making and using same
A combustion apparatus is disclosed that improves oxidation efficiency without increasing either combustion apparatus size or residence time, where the apparatus includes a combustion zone having a static mixing zone along a length of the combustion zone.
1. An analytical instrument apparatus comprising:
a sample supply system,
an oxidizing supply system,
a combustion or furnace apparatus comprising:
an inlet,
an outlet,
a combustion zone including
a mixing zone comprising a static mixer disposed along a length of the combustion zone downstream of the inlet, and
a heater, and
a detector/analyzer unit,
where the supply systems are adapted to supply a sample and an oxidizing agent to the inlet of the combustion apparatus, the heater is adapted to maintain the combustion zone including the mixing zone at an elevated temperature sufficient to substantially completely oxidize the sample into oxides, the static mixer is exposed to combustion temperatures and is adapted to reduce channeling of portions of an oxidizing mixture as it traverses the combustion zone, and the detector/analyzer is adapted to determine a concentration of at least one oxide and relate the oxide concentration back to a concentration of an element in the sample.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the elevated temperature above about 300° C.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the elevated temperature between about 300° C. and about 2000° C.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the elevated temperature between about 600° C. and about 1500° C.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the elevated temperature between about 800° C. and about 1300° C.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the combustion apparatus further comprises a nebulizer disposed between the inlet and the combustion zone.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the sample supply system is selected from the group consisting of an auto-sampler, a septum for direct injection, a sampling loop for continuous sampling, an analytical separation system and mixture or combinations thereof.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the analytical separation system is selected from the group consisting of a GC, an LC, an MPLC, an HPLC, an LPLC, and mixtures or combinations thereof.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the detector/analyzer is selected from the group consisting of IR spectrometers, FTIR spectrometers, MS spectrometers, UV spectrometers, UV fluorescence spectrometers, chemiluminescence spectrometers, ICR spectrometers, and mixtures or combinations thereof.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the detector/analyzer is selected from the group consisting of UV fluorescence spectrometers, chemiluminescence spectrometers, and mixtures or combinations thereof.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the combustion zone includes a plurality of mixing zones, where each mixing zone comprises a static mixer and where all of the static mixer are disposed along a length of the combustion zone downstream of the inlet, are exposed to combustion temperatures and are adapted to reduce channeling of portions of an oxidizing mixture as it traverses the combustion zone.
12. A method for oxidizing a combustible material comprising the steps of:
feeding the combustible material and an oxidizing agent to a combustion apparatus comprising an inlet, an outlet, a combustion zone including a mixing zone comprising a static mixer disposed along a length of the combustion zone downstream of the inlet, and a heater for heating the combustion zone, and
heating the combustion zone including the mixing zone to a temperature sufficient to covert all or substantially all oxidizable components in the combustible material into their corresponding oxides,
where the static mixer is exposed to combustion temperatures and is adapted to reduce channeling of portions of an oxidizing mixture as it traverses the combustion zone and where the mixing zone increases an efficiency of combustion of the combustion zone.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the temperature is above about 300° C.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the temperature is between about 300° C. and about 2000° C.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the temperature is between about 600° C. and about 1500° C.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the temperature is between about 800° C. and about 1300° C.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the combustion apparatus further comprises a nebulizer disposed between the inlet and the combustion zone.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the combustion zone includes a plurality of mixing zones, where each mixing zone comprises a static mixer and where all of the static mixer are disposed along a length of the combustion zone downstream of the inlet, are exposed to combustion temperatures and are adapted to reduce channeling of portions of an oxidizing mixture as it traverses the combustion zone.
19. A method for analyzing a sample comprising the steps of:
feeding the sample and an oxidizing agent to a combustion apparatus comprising an inlet, an outlet, a combustion zone including a mixing zone disposed along a length of the combustion zone downstream of the inlet, and a heater for heating the combustion zone,
heating the combustion zone including the mixing zone to a temperature sufficient to covert all or substantially all oxidizable components in the combustible material into their corresponding oxides, and
forwarding the oxides to an detector/analyzer, and
detecting a concentration of at least on oxide,
where the static mixer is exposed to combustion temperatures and is adapted to reduce channeling of portions of an oxidizing mixture as it traverses the combustion zone and where the mixing zone increases an efficiency of combustion of the combustion zone and where the detector/analyzer relates the oxide concentration back to a concentration of an element in the sample.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the temperature above about 300° C.
21. The method of claim 19 , wherein the temperature between about 300° C. and about 2000° C.
22. The method of claim 19 , wherein the temperature between about 600° C. and about 1500° C.
23. The method of claim 19 , wherein the temperature between about 800° C. and about 1300° C.
24. The method of claim 19 , wherein the combustion apparatus further comprises a nebulizer disposed between the inlet and the combustion zone.
25. The method of claim 19 , wherein the detector/analyzer is selected from the group consisting of IR spectrometers, FTIR spectrometers, MS spectrometers, UV spectrometers, UV fluorescence spectrometers, chemiluminescence spectrometers, ICR spectrometers, and mixtures or combinations thereof.
26. The method of claim 19 , wherein the detector/analyzer is selected from the group consisting of UV fluorescence spectrometers, chemiluminescence spectrometers, and mixtures or combinations thereof.
27. The method of claim 19 , wherein the combustion zone includes a plurality of mixing zones, where each mixing zone comprises a static mixer and where all of the static mixer are disposed along a length of the combustion zone downstream of the inlet, are exposed to combustion temperatures and are adapted to reduce channeling of portions of an oxidizing mixture as it traverses the combustion zone.