Methods for glucagon suppression using modified exendins
Methods for use of an exendin, an exendin agonist, or a modified exendin or exendin agonist having an exendin or exendin agonist linked to one or more polyethylene glycol polymers, for example, for lowering glucagon levels and/or suppressing glucagon secretion in a subject are provided. These methods are useful in treating hyperglucagonemia and other conditions that would be benefited by lowering plasma glucgon or suppressing glucagon secretion.
1. A modified exendin agonist peptide or exendin agonist analog peptide wherein one or more amino acid residues is acylated with a dicarboxylic acid; wherein the amino acid residues are an internal lysine residue, an N-terminal amino acid residue, a C-terminal amino acid residue, or a combination of two or more thereof.
2. The peptide of claim 1 , wherein the acylated amino acid residue comprises a side chain having a dicarboxylic acid group.
3. The peptide of claim 1 , wherein the acylated amino acid residue is a C-terminal lysine residue.
4. The peptide of claim 1 , wherein the peptide comprises a plurality of amino acid residues comprising dicarboxylic groups.
5. The peptide of claim 1 , wherein the dicarboxylic group is linked to an epsilon amino group of a lysine residue.
6. The peptide of claim 1 , wherein the peptide comprises an amino acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs. 1-239.
7. An exendin-4 agonist peptide wherein one or more amino acid residues is acylated with a dicarboxylic acid; wherein the amino acid residues are an internal lysine residue, an N-terminal amino acid residue, a C-terminal amino acid residue, or a combination of two or more thereof.