Micro-domain graphitic materials and method for producing the same
This invention relates to a method for producing micro-domain graphitic materials by use of a plasma process, and to novel micro-conical graphitic materials. By micro-domain graphitic material we mean fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, open conical carbon structures (also named micro-cones), preferably flat graphitic sheets, or a mixture of two or all of these. The novel carbon material is open carbon micro-cones with total disclination degrees of 60° and/or 120°, corresponding to cone angles of respectively 112.9° and/or 83.6°.
1. A method for the production of micro-domain graphitic materials by decomposition of a hydrocarbon fuel in a plasma reactor comprising a decomposition chamber connected to a plasma generator, wherein the plasma reactor is fed with H 2 as the plasma forming gas, wherein the hydrocarbon fuel is decomposed in a two-step process wherein the hydrocarbons are subjected to a first decomposition step, including the steps of feeding the hydrocarbon fuel into the decomposition chamber in the vicinity of the plasma arc zone and mixing the hydrocarbon fuel with the plasma gas, and wherein the process parameters are adjusted in such a manner that the hydrocarbon fuel does not reach pyrolysis temperature and is only partially decomposed to form polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and the step of mixing the hydrocarbon fuel in the form of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, after the first decomposition step, with the plasma gas and reintroducing the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as a part of the plasma gas into the plasma arc zone in the decomposition chamber and subjecting the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to a second decomposition step, wherein the process parameters are adjusted in such a manner that the heat in the plasma arc zone causes the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to be fully converted into micro-domain graphitic materials.
2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein a reaction chamber comprises the decomposition chamber, the reaction chamber is constructed as an insulated chamber having outlets at one end for removing the micro-domain graphitic materials and is connected to a plasma torch at another end.
3. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the micro-domain graphitic materials consist of at least one of the materials chosen from the group consisting of carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, carbon micro-cones, and flat graphitic carbon sheets.
4. A method according to claim 3 , wherein the domain size is smaller than 5 μm in diameter parallel to the graphitic stacking direction and having a thickness of less than the 100 nm in their graphitic stacking direction.
5. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the conversion rate of hydrocarbons into micro-domain graphitic materials is in the range from 0 to about 90%.
6. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the conversion rate of hydrocarbons into micro-domain graphitic materials is about 90%.
7. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the conversion rate of hydrocarbons into micro-domain graphitic materials is about 50 kg per hour.
8. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the conversion rate of hydrocarbons into micro-domain graphitic materials is about 100 kg per hour.
9. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the conversion rate of hydrocarbons into micro-domain graphitic materials is about 150 kg per hour.
10. A method according to claim 1 , wherein at least 10% of the produced micro-domain graphitic materials is open carbon micro-cones with total disclination larger than 60°.
11. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the method employs heavy fuel oil as the hydrocarbon feed for conversion into micro-domain graphitic materials.
12. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the two decomposition steps are carried out by passing the material through two plasma reactors connected in series.
13. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the method employs fuel oil as hydrocarbon fed for conversion into micro-domain graphitic materials.
14. A method for the production of micro-domain graphitic materials in a plasma reactor comprising:
feeding a hydrocarbon fuel into a decomposition chamber of a plasma reactor in a vicinity of a plasma arc zone and heating the hydrocarbon with a plasma gas;
decomposing the hydrocarbon fuel in the plasma reactor under conditions such that a main fraction of hydrocarbons in the plasma reactor does not reach pyrolysis temperature and is partially decomposed to form polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons;
removing the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the plasma reactor;
feeding the polycyclic hydrocarbons to the plasma reactor as at least part of the plasma gas or feeding the polycyclic hydrocarbons to another plasma reactor as at least part of a plasma gas and decomposing the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under conditions such that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are fully converted into micro-domain graphitic materials; and
removing the micro-domain graphitic materials from the reactor.
15. The method according to claim 14 , further comprising the step of filtering polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons before feeding the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the plasma reactor or another plasma reactor.
16. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are fed to the plasma reactor as the plasma gas.
17. The method according to claim 16 , wherein the plasma reactor has at least two reaction chambers, further comprising the step of decomposing the hydrocarbon fuel a first reaction chamber and decomposing the polycyclic hydrocarbons in a second reaction chamber.
18. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are fed to another reactor as the plasma gas.
19. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the plasma gas comprises hydrogen.
20. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are decomposed in the plasma arc zone.