Highly selective membrane systems and methods for protein ultrafiltration
A new ultrafiltration technique based on a multimembrane stack has been developed to fractionate solutes closer in size than conventionally possible. The technique is illustrated here by obtaining a pure protein product from a binary protein mixture. By employing membranes in series without any gaskets or spacers in-between, ultrafiltration is carried out to separate two proteins relatively close in molecular weight or size. Flat regenerated cellulose membranes, polyethersulfone membranes or the like, of at least substantially the same molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) are stacked together in the desired number, and ultrafiltration takes place. The membrane rejection of a protein is amplified with each additional membrane, ultimately resulting in a completely rejected species. Complete purification of the more permeable protein is achieved regardless of the physicochemical condition which may be optimal or suboptimal for selective separation by a single membrane.
1. A method for obtaining purified proteins, comprising:
a) providing a first, a second, and a third ultrafiltration membrane with each membrane having the same, or substantially the same, molecular weight cut-off, wherein the first, second and third ultrafiltration membranes are stacked together in an unspaced arrangement and are positioned in series;
b) supplying a multi-component protein mixture to the first, second and third stacked ultrafiltration membranes, the multi-component protein mixture having at least (i) a first protein and (ii) a second protein; and
c) employing ultrafiltration at the first, second and third stacked ultrafiltration membranes to separate the first protein from the second protein;
wherein each ultrafiltration membrane is configured to only partially reject the second protein without the other two ultrafiltration membranes being present;
wherein the first, second and third stacked ultrafiltration membranes reject the second protein resulting in generation of a substantially pure first protein permeate; and
wherein the operative conditions associated with the first, second and third stacked ultrafiltration membranes are controlled so as to generate the substantially pure first protein permeate.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said operative conditions are controlled so as to optimize at least one of the following parameters for selectivity: feed conditions, pH, membrane selection, and membrane charge.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said ultrafiltration membranes are selected from the group consisting of cellulose membranes, polyethersulfone membranes, combinations of cellulose and polyethersulfone membranes, and membranes fabricated from another ultrafiltration material.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the molecular weight cutoff(MWCO) of adjacent membranes differ by no more than about 10 to 20% for membranes having a MWCO of greater than about 50,000.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of adjacent membranes differ by no more than about 25% for membranes having a MWCO of less than about 50,000.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molecular weights ratio of the first protein and the second protein is about 1.03.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molecular weight ratio of the first protein and the second protein is about 1.24.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the multi-component protein mixture further comprises a third protein and during step c the first protein is separated from the second protein and the third protein to generate (i) a substantially pure first protein permeate and (ii) a retentate containing the second protein and the third protein;
wherein after the operative conditions associated with the first, second and third stacked ultrafiltration membranes are controlled so as to generate the substantially pure first protein permeate and after the substantially pure first protein permeate is generated, the operative conditions associated with the first, second and third ultrafiltration membranes are adjusted so as to generate a substantially pure second protein permeate; and
wherein the method further includes the steps of:
d) supplying the retentate containing the second and third proteins to the first, second and third stacked ultrafiltration membranes;
e) employing ultrafiltration at the first, second and third stacked ultrafiltration membranes to separate the second protein from the third protein, wherein the first, second and third ultrafiltration membranes reject the third protein resulting in generation of a substantially pure second protein permeate.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the multi-component protein mixture further comprises a third protein and during step c the first protein is separated from the second protein and the third protein to generate (i) a substantially pure first protein permeate and (ii) a retentate containing the second protein and the third protein;
wherein after the operative conditions associated with the first, second and third stacked ultrafiltration membranes are controlled so as to generate the substantially pure first protein permeate and after the substantially pure first protein permeate is generated, the method further includes the steps of:
d) providing a fourth, a fifth and sixth ultrafiltration membrane with each membrane having the same, or substantially the same, molecular weight cut-off, wherein the fourth, fifth and sixth ultrafiltration membranes are stacked together in an unspaced arrangement and are positioned in series;
e) supplying the retentate containing the second and third proteins to the fourth, fifth and sixth stacked ultrafiltration membranes;
f) employing ultrafiltration at the fourth, fifth and sixth stacked ultrafiltration membranes to separate the second protein from the third protein, wherein the fourth, fifth and sixth ultrafiltration membranes reject the third protein resulting in generation of a substantially pure second protein permeate;
wherein each of the fourth, fifth and sixth membrane is configured to only partially reject the third protein without the other two ultrafiltration membranes being present; and
wherein the operative conditions associated with the fourth, fifth and sixth stacked ultrafiltration membranes are controlled so as to generate the substantially pure second protein permeate.