Helical peptidomimetics with enhanced activity
Helical peptidomimetic compounds as inhibitors of beta-amyloid production are provided. These inhibitors have sequences with lengths from 11 to 16 amino acids, inclusive. These inhibitors potently inhibit intramembrane proteases, notably aspartyl secretases involved in the enzymatic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to yield amyloid-β-peptide. Methods are provided for making a medicament containing the compounds and for administering the compounds to treat β-amyloid-associated diseases, notably Alzheimer's disease.
1. A compound of formula:
R1—(R2) n —R3
wherein:
R1 is selected from the group consisting of an acyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, and an aminocarbonyl;
(R2) n is an oligomer of n amino acids R2, each selected independently of any other;
each R2 is independently an achiral, L- or D-amino acid;
n is an integer from 11 to 16, inclusive; and
R3 is selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl, an alkoxyl, an aryloxyl, an amino, an aminoalkyl, and an aminoaryl; and
wherein (R2) n comprises at least one dipeptide that mimics a secretase cleavage site in an amyloid precursor protein (APP), wherein at least one said dipeptide is aminoisobutyric acid-O-benzyl threonine (Aib-Thr(OBz)); and
wherein the compound assumes a substantially helical conformation in solution.
2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein at least one said dipeptide is selected from the group consisting of:
Ala-Thr;
Val-Ile;
Ala-R4 wherein R4 is a hydrophobic amino acid;
Ala-R4 wherein R4 is selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, 4-benzoylphenylalanine, and tryptophan;
Ala-R4 wherein R4 is a hydrophilic amino acid;
Ala-R4 wherein R4 is selected from the group consisting of serine and threonine;
Ala-O-benzyl threonine;
Val-R5 wherein R5 is a bulky hydrophobic amino acid;
Val-R5 wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine;
R6-Ile wherein R6 is a bulky hydrophobic amino acid; and
R6-Ile wherein R6 is selected from the group consisting of isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine.
3. The compound of claim 1 , wherein at least one said dipeptide is Val-R5, and wherein R5 is a bulky hydrophobic amino acid.
4. The compound of claim 3 , wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine.
5. The compound of claim 1 , wherein at least one said dipeptide is R6-Ile, and wherein R6 is a bulky hydrophobic amino acid.
6. The compound of claim 5 , wherein R6 is selected from the group consisting of isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine.
7. The compound of claim 1 , wherein at least one said dipeptide is Val-Ile.
8. The compound of claim 1 , wherein at least one R2 is an L-amino acid.
9. The compound of claim 1 , wherein at least one R2 is a D-amino acid.
10. The compound of claim 1 , wherein at least one R2 is a hydrophobic amino acid.
11. The compound of claim 10 , wherein the hydrophobic amino acid is selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, 4-benzoylphenylalanine, and tryptophan.
12. The compound of claim 1 , wherein at least one R2 is a hydrophilic amino acid.
13. The compound of claim 12 , wherein the hydrophilic amino acid is selected from the group consisting of serine and threonine.
14. The compound of claim 1 , wherein at least one additional R2 is aminoisobutyric acid (Aib).
15. A compound is selected from the group consisting of:
Boc-Aib-Val-Val-Ile-Aib-Thr(OBz)-Val-Aib-Val-Ile-Aib-OMe (SEQ ID NO: 16),
Boc-Gly-Aib-Val-Val-Ile-Aib-Thr(OBz)-Val-Aib-Val-Ile-Aib-OMe (SEQ ID NO: 17),
Boc-Val-Gly-Aib-Val-Val-Ile-Aib-Thr(OBz)-Val-Aib-Val-Ile-Aib-OMe (SEQ ID NO:18),
Boc-Aib-Val-Gly-Aib-Val-Val-Ile-Aib-Thr(OBz)-Val-Aib-Val-Ile-Aib-OMe (SEQ ID NO:19),
Boc-Leu-Aib-Val-Gly-Aib-Val-Val-Ile-Aib-Thr(OBz)-Val-Aib-Val-Ile-Aib-OMe (SEQ ID NO:20), and
Boc-Gly-Leu-Aib-Val-Gly-Aib-Val-Val-Ile-Aib-Thr(OBz)-Val-Aib-Val-Ile-Aib-OMe (SEQ ID NO:21),
wherein Boc is t-butyloxycarbonyl;
wherein OBz is O-benzyl ester;
wherein OMe is O-methyl ester;
wherein Aib is aminoisobutyric acid; and
optionally wherein at least one of the amino acid is a D-amino acid.
16. The compound of claim 15 , wherein at least one of the amino acids is a D-amino acid.
17. The compound of claim 15 , wherein at least one of the amino acids is an L-amino acid.
18. The compound of claim 15 , wherein each and every chiral amino acid is a D-amino acid.
19. The compound of claim 15 , wherein each and every chiral amino acid is an L-amino acid.
20. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1 .
21. A composition comprising the compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
22. The composition of claim 21 , further comprising a carrier to promote delivery to a brain.
23. A compound of formula:
R1-Val-Gly-Aib-Val-Val-Ile-Aib-Thr(OBz)-Val-Aib-Val-Ile-Aib-R3 (SEQ ID NO: 24)
wherein:
R1 is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen, an acyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, and an aminocarbonyl; and
R3 is selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl, an alkoxyl, an aryloxyl, an amino, an aminoalkyl, and an aminoaryl.
24. A method of inhibiting an activity of an intramembrane protease, comprising:
contacting an intramembrane protease under conditions in which the intramembrane protease is enzymatically active with an effective amount of a compound of claim 1 , to inhibit the activity of the intramembrane protease.
25. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 15 .
26. A composition comprising the compound of claim 15 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
27. The composition of claim 26 , further comprising a carrier to promote delivery to a brain.