Multimode acoustic imaging in cased wells
A well casing is insonified with a first acoustic wave in a first mode that may be any mode of a set including: extensional mode, thickness mode, flexural mode. A first echo is received at a first acoustic transducer for receiving, a first signal is produced and a first measurement is extracted from the first signal. The casing is then insonified with a second acoustic wave in a second mode that may be any mode of the set of modes but is distinct from the first mode. A second echo is received at a selected second acoustic transducer for receiving and a second signal is produced. A second measurement is extracted from the second signal. The zone behind the casing of the well is evaluated from a combination of the first measurement and the second measurement.
1. A method for imaging a description of a zone behind a casing of a well, the method using a logging tool positionable inside the casing, the logging tool carrying a plurality of acoustic transducers, the method comprising:
a. insonifying ( 72 ) the casing with a first acoustic wave using a first acoustic transducer for transmitting among the plurality of acoustic transducers, the first acoustic wave having a first mode that may be any mode of a set of modes defined as follows: extensional mode, thickness mode, flexural mode;
b. selecting ( 71 ) at least a first acoustic transducer for receiving among the plurality of transducers, the first acoustic transducer for receiving having a location adapted to receive a first echo corresponding to the first acoustic wave;
c. receiving ( 73 ) at the first acoustic transducer for receiving the first echo, and producing a first signal;
d. extracting ( 76 ) from the first signal a first measurement;
e. insonifying ( 74 ) the casing with a second acoustic wave using a second transducer for transmitting among the plurality of acoustic transducers, the second acoustic wave having a second mode that may be any mode of the set of modes and is distinct from the first mode;
f. selecting ( 79 ) at least a second acoustic transducer for receiving among the plurality of transducers, the second acoustic transducer for receiving having a location adapted to receive a second echo corresponding to the second acoustic wave;
g. receiving ( 75 ) at the second acoustic transducer for receiving the second echo and producing a second signal;
h. extracting ( 77 ) from the second signal a second measurement;
i. evaluating ( 78 ) from a combination of the first measurement and the second measurement the description of the zone behind the casing of the well.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the description of the zone behind the casing ( 92 ) is characterized by a quality of a fill-material disposed in an annulus ( 95 ) between the casing ( 92 ) and a formation.
3. The method according to claim 1 ,
a. wherein the first mode is a flexural mode;
b. wherein the second mode is a thickness mode.
4. The method according to claim 3 wherein:
a. the first measurement is a measurement of a propagation time;
b. the second measurement is a measurement of an amplitude decay rate with time.
5. The method according to claim 4 further comprising:
a. calculating a value of an impedance of a matter within the annulus and a value of a velocity of a compressional wave within the annulus from the measurement of the propagation time and the measurement of the amplitude decay rate;
b. evaluating a value of a density of the matter within the annulus from the calculated value of the acoustic impedance and the calculated value of the compressional wave velocity.
6. The method according to claim 4 , further comprising:
a. selecting among the plurality of acoustic transducers an additional acoustic transducer for receiving ( 96 b ), the additional acoustic transducer for receiving ( 96 b ) being distinct from the first acoustic transducer for receiving ( 96 a ), the additional acoustic transducer for receiving ( 96 b ) having a location adapted to receive an additional echo corresponding to the first acoustic wave;
b. receiving at the additional acoustic transducer for receiving ( 96 b ) the additional echo and producing an additional signal;
c. extracting a measurement of a first amplitude from the first signal and a measurement of an additional amplitude from the additional signal.
7. The method according to claim 4 , further comprising:
a. calculating a plurality of observed parameters at least from the measurement of the propagation time and the measurement of the amplitude decay rate.
b. defining a set of quality events of a matter within the annulus;
c. calculating for each quality event an a posteriori probability of the quality event for the calculated values of the observed parameters;
d. selecting a most probable quality event.
8. The method according to claim 7 , further comprising:
a. estimating at least one quality parameter from the selected quality event and from the calculated values of the observed parameters.
9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein:
a. the plurality of observed parameters comprises an impedance of the matter within the annulus ( 15 , 38 , 410 , 95 , 106 ) and a flexural wave attenuation of the first acoustic wave (A) along the casing ( 14 , 24 , 32 , 44 , 92 , 103 );
b. a plurality of quality parameters is estimated, the plurality of quality parameters comprising a density of the matter within the annulus ( 15 , 38 , 410 , 95 , 106 ), a shear wave velocity of the first acoustic wave through the matter and a compressional wave velocity of the first acoustic wave through the matter.
10. The method according to claim 1 ,
a. wherein the first mode is a flexural mode;
b. wherein the second mode is an extensional mode.
11. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising:
a. insonifying the casing with a third acoustic wave using a third acoustic transducer for transmitting among the plurality of acoustic transducers, the third acoustic wave having a third mode, the third mode being distinct from the first mode and the second mode;
b. selecting a third acoustic transducer for receiving, the first transducer for receiving having a location adapted to receive a third echo corresponding to the third acoustic wave;
c. receiving at the third acoustic transducer the third echo and producing a third signal;
d. extracting from the third signal a third measurement;
e. evaluating from a combination of the first measurement, the second measurement and the third measurement the description of the zone behind the casing of the well.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein: a. the fill-material is cement.
13. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising:
a. guiding and rotating the logging tool inside the casing in order to evaluate the description of the zone behind the casing within a range of depths and azimuthal angles.
14. A system for imaging a description of a zone behind a easing ( 92 ) of a well, the system comprising:
a. a logging tool ( 97 ) positionable inside the casing ( 92 ) and carrying a plurality of acoustic transducers;
b. a first acoustic transducer for transmitting ( 93 ) among the plurality of acoustic transducers to insonify the casing ( 92 ) with a first acoustic wave having a first mode that may be any mode of a set of modes defined as follow: extensional mode, thickness mode, flexural mode;
c. a second acoustic transducer for transmitting ( 94 ) among the plurality of acoustic transducers to insonify the casing ( 92 ) with a second acoustic wave having a second mode that may be any mode of the set of modes and is distinct from the first mode;
d. at least a first acoustic transducer for receiving ( 96 a ) having a location adapted to receive a first echo corresponding to the first acoustic wave, to produce a first signal;
e. at least a second acoustic transducer for receiving ( 94 ) having a location adapted to receive a second echo corresponding to the second acoustic wave, to produce a second signal;
f. extracting means to extract a first measurement and a second measurement respectively from the first signal and the second signal; and
g. processing means to evaluate a quality of the description of the zone behind the casing ( 92 ) from a combination of the first measurement and the second measurement.
15. The system according to claim 14 , wherein the description of the zone behind the casing ( 62 ) is characterized by a quality of a fill-material disposed in an annulus ( 95 ) between the casing ( 62 ) and a formation.
16. The system according to claim 14 , wherein the first acoustic transducer for transmitting ( 93 ) and the first acoustic transducer for receiving ( 96 a ) are aligned at an angle larger than a shear wave critical angle of an interface ( 91 ) between the casing ( 92 ) and a fluid within the casing ( 92 ), the angle being measured with respect to a normal to the local interior wall of the casing ( 92 ).
17. The system according to claim 14 , wherein
a. the second acoustic transducer for transmitting ( 94 ) is directed to the normal to the local interior wall of the casing ( 92 );
b. the second acoustic transducer for transmitting ( 94 ) has a frequency spectrum selected to stimulate a selected radial segment of the casing ( 92 ) into a thickness resonance.
18. The system according to claim 14 , further comprising:
a. an additional acoustic transducer for receiving ( 96 b ) among the plurality of acoustic transducers, the additional acoustic transducer for receiving ( 96 b ) having a location adapted to receive an additional acoustic wave corresponding to the first acoustic wave, the additional acoustic transducer for receiving ( 96 b ) being distinct from the first acoustic transducer for receiving ( 96 a ), to produce an additional signal.
19. The system according to claim 14 , further comprising:
a. an array ( 101 ) of transducers elements located on a periphery of the logging tool, to insonify the casing ( 103 ) at least with the first acoustic wave and the second acoustic wave propagating within the casing ( 103 ) with respectively the first mode and the second mode.
20. The system according to claim 14 , wherein the fill-material is cement.