Method for controlling weld metal microstructure using localized controlled cooling of seam-welded joints
The present invention provides a method for welding and heat-treating seam-welded constructions of hardenable steel and ferrous alloys with reduced weld-zone hardness and improved weld-zone ductility and toughness. This method consists of controlling the cooling rate of the seam weld with a secondary heat source, applied after the weld cools below the materials upper critical temperature (A C3 ), but prior to the weld cooling to ambient temperature. This invention is particularly suited to the production of high strength hardenable alloy seam-welded pipe and tubing.
1. A method of forming a steel structure comprising the steps of:
providing a first surface of a hardenable ferrous alloy having a carbon content equal or greater than 0.08% by weight;
providing a second surface of a hardenable ferrous alloy having a carbon content equal or greater than 0.08% by weight;
positioning said first surface adjacent to said second surface;
welding said first surface to said second surface by applying a first heat source to said first surface and said second surface at a sufficiently high temperature to said first surface and said second surface above their melting points to form a weld;
applying a second heat source to said weld immediately after said step of welding so as to be prior to said weld cooling below the martensitic finish temperature for said ferrous alloys, said second heat source being at a temperature lower than said first heat source but at a sufficiently high temperature and maintained for sufficient long time period so as to reduce the hardness of said weld; and
subsequent to applying the second heat source to said weld, allowing said weld to cool to ambient temperature.
2. The method of forming a steel structure of claim 1 wherein said step of applying a second heat source to said weld immediately after said step of welding so as to be prior to said weld cooling below the martensitic finish temperature includes applying the second heat source to said weld subsequent to said weld cooling below the martensitic start temperature for said ferrous alloys.
3. The method of forming a steel structure of claim 2 wherein said step of applying a second heat source to said weld immediately after said step of welding so as to be prior to said weld cooling below the martensitic finish temperature but below the martensitic start temperature for said ferrous alloys does not include reheating said weld to above the lower critical temperature for said ferrous alloys.
4. The method of forming a steel structure of claim 1 wherein said step of applying a second heat source to said weld immediately after said step of welding so as to be prior to said weld cooling below the martensitic finish temperature includes applying the second heat source to said weld prior to said weld cooling below the martensitic start temperature for said ferrous alloys.
5. The method of forming a steel structure of claim 4 wherein said step of applying a second heat source to said weld immediately after said step of welding so as to be prior to said weld cooling below the lower critical temperature but above the martensitic start temperature for said ferrous alloys includes heating said weld to above the lower critical temperature but not above the upper critical temperature for said ferrous alloys.
6. The method of forming a steel structure of claim 4 wherein said step of applying a second heat source to said weld immediately after said step of welding so as to be prior to said weld cooling below the lower critical temperature but above the martensitic start temperature for said ferrous alloys does not include reheating said weld to above the lower critical temperature for said ferrous alloys.
7. The method of forming a steel structure of claim 1 wherein each of said ferrous alloys are martensitic stainless steels of type 410, 420 or 440.
8. The method of forming a steel structure of claim 1 further comprising roller forming the steel structure into a desired shape, said step of roller forming occurring after the steps of welding said first and second surfaces together and applying a second heat source to said weld.
9. The method of forming a steel structure of claim 8 wherein the steel structure is a tube and said first surface defines a first edge of a roll formed strip of a ferrous alloy and said second surface defines a second edge of the roll formed strip of ferrous alloy.
10. A method of forming a steel structure comprising the steps of:
providing a first surface of a hardenable ferrous alloy having a carbon content equal or greater than 0.08% by weight;
providing a second surface of a hardenable ferrous alloy having a carbon content equal or greater than 0.08% by weight;
positioning said first surface adjacent to said second surface;
welding said first surface to said second surface by applying a first heat source to said first surface and said second surface at a sufficiently high temperature to said first surface and said second surface above their melting points to form a weld;
applying a second heat source to said weld immediately after said step of welding so as to be prior to said weld cooling below the lower critical temperature but above the martensitic start temperature for said ferrous alloys, said second heat source being at a temperature lower than said first heat source but at a sufficiently high temperature and maintained for sufficient long time period so as to reduce the hardness of said weld; and
subsequent to applying the second heat source to said weld, allowing said weld to cool to ambient temperature.
11. The method of forming a steel structure of claim 10 wherein said step of applying a second heat source to said weld immediately after said step of welding so as to be prior to said weld cooling below the lower critical temperature but above the martensitic start temperature for said ferrous alloys includes heating said weld to above the lower critical temperature but not above the upper critical temperature for said ferrous alloys.
12. The method of forming a steel structure of claim 10 wherein said step of applying a second heat source to said weld immediately after said step of welding so as to be prior to said weld cooling below the lower critical temperature but above the martensitic start temperature for said ferrous alloys does not include heating said weld to above the lower critical temperature for said ferrous alloys.
13. The method of forming a steel structure of claim 10 wherein each of said ferrous alloys are martensitic stainless steels of type 410, 420 or 440.
14. The method of forming a steel structure of claim 10 further comprising roller forming the steel structure into a desired shape, said step of roller forming occurring after the steps of welding said first and second surfaces together and applying a second heat source to said weld.
15. The method of forming a steel structure of claim 14 wherein the steel structure is a tube and said first surface defines a first edge of a roll formed strip of a ferrous alloy and said second surface defines a second edge of the roll formed strip of ferrous alloy.
16. A method of forming a steel structure comprising the steps of:
providing a first surface of a hardenable ferrous alloy having a carbon content equal or greater than 0.08% by weight;
providing a second surface of a hardenable ferrous alloy having a carbon content equal or greater than 0.08% by weight;
positioning said first surface adjacent to said second surface;
welding said first surface to said second surface by applying a first heat source to said first surface and said second surface at a sufficiently high temperature to said first surface and said second surface above their melting points to form a weld;
applying a second heat source to said weld immediately after said step of welding so as to be prior to said weld cooling below the martensitic finish temperature for said ferrous alloys, said second heat source being at a temperature lower than said first heat source but at a sufficiently high temperature and maintained for sufficient long time period so as to bring the temperature of said weld to above the martensitic start temperature but below the lower critical temperature for said ferrous alloys so as to reduce the hardness of said weld; and
subsequent to applying the second heat source to said weld, allowing said weld to cool to ambient temperature.
17. The method of forming a steel structure of claim 16 wherein said ferrous alloy are air hardenable martensitic stainless steels.
18. The method of forming a steel structure of claim 16 wherein each of said ferrous alloys are martensitic stainless steels of type 410, 420 or 440.
19. The method of forming a steel structure of claim 16 further comprising roller forming the steel structure into a desired shape, said step of roller forming occurring after the steps of welding said first and second surfaces together and applying a second heat source to said weld.
20. The method of forming a steel structure of claim 19 wherein the steel structure is a tube and said first surface defines a first edge of a roll formed strip of a ferrous alloy and said second surface defines a second edge of the roll formed strip of ferrous alloy.