Use of ID4 for diagnosis and treatment of cancer
Methods for diagnosis and treatment of cancer using ID4 are disclosed. Specifically, epigenetic inactivation of ID4 in colorectal carcinomas and breast correlates with poor differentiation and unfavorable prognosis. Further, aberrant hypermethylation of ID4 gene promoter region increases risk of metastasis in colorectal and breast cancer.
1. A method of determining whether a human subject is suffering from or at risk for developing colorectal cancer, comprising: obtaining a biological sample from a human subject; and determining the methylation level of an ID4 gene promoter in the sample, wherein the methylation level of the ID4 gene promoter in the sample, if higher than a control methylation level, indicates that the human subject is likely to be suffering from or at risk for developing colorectal cancer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is likely to be suffering from or at risk for developing primary or metastatic colorectal cancer.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the methylation level of the ID4 gene promoter is determined by methylation-specific PCR, bisulfite sequencing, or a combination thereof.
4. A method of determining the histopathological grade of human colorectal cancer, comprising: obtaining a biological sample from a human subject suffering from or suspected of suffering from early stage colorectal cancer; determining the methylation level of an ID4 gene promoter in the sample and correlating the methylation level of the ID4 gene promoter in the sample to a histopathological grade of the colorectal cancer.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the sample is a benign or primary colorectal tumor specimen sample.
6. A method of predicting the outcome of colorectal cancer or breast cancer, comprising: obtaining a biological sample from a human subject suffering from colorectal cancer or breast cancer; determining the methylation level of an ID4 gene promoter in the sample and correlating the methylation level of the ID4 gene promoter in the sample to an outcome of the colorectal cancer or breast cancer.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the subject is suffering from or at risk for developing American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I, II, III, or IV cancer.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein the sample is a primary tumor sample.
9. The method of claim 6 wherein the methylation level of the ID4 gene promoter is determined by methylation-specific PCR, bisulfite sequencing, or a combination thereof
10. The method of claim 6 wherein the outcome is the survival of the subject after a surgical resection.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the surgical resection is a curative surgical resection.
12. A method of determining whether a human subject having breast cancer or colorectal cancer is suffering from or at risk for developing metastasis, comprising: obtaining a biological sample from a human subject having breast cancer or colorectal cancer or at risk for developing breast or colorectal cancer; and determining the methylation level of an ID4 gene promoter in the sample wherein the methylation level of the ID4 gene promoter in the sample, if higher than a control methylation level, indicates that the human subject is likely to be suffering from or at risk for developing metastasis.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the sample is a benign lesion sample or an early stage primary tumor sample.
14. The method of claim 12 wherein the methylation level of the ID4 gene promoter is determined by methylation-specific PCR, bisulfite sequencing, or a combination thereof.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the metastasis is Lymph node metastasis.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the sample is a T1, T2, or T3 breast cancer sample.