Mandatory access control base
A secure database appliance leverages database security in a consistent framework provides consistent, flexible, and adaptable security using mandatory access controls in addition to user and role based security for access control and accountability. A database system comprises database objects having a level of security, factors representing a characteristic of a user of the database system, rules defining a limitation on operation of the database system by the user based on at least some of the plurality of factors and based on attributes of data to be operated on, including the level of security of the database object, and a plurality of realms defining a privilege of the user relative to a schema, the database system is operable to grant or deny access to data to a user based on the factors, the rules satisfied by the factors and the attributes of the data, and the realm associated with the user.
1. A database system comprising:
a plurality of database objects, each database object having an individual level of security;
a plurality of factors, each factor representing a characteristic of a user of the database system;
a plurality of rules, each rule defining a limitation on operation of the database system by the user based on at least one of the plurality of factors and based on attributes of data to be operated on, including the individual level of security of the database object of the data to be operated on; and
a plurality of realms, each realm defining a privilege of the user of the database system relative to a schema of the database system, wherein each realm comprises a logical grouping of database schemas, and further comprises associations to at least one of the database schemas, at least one user account, and at least one database role;
wherein the database system is operable to grant or deny access to data to a user based on the factors associated with the user, based on the rules satisfied by the factors associated with the user and the attributes of the data, and based on the realm associated with the user.
2. The database system of claim 1 , wherein each factor comprises a value of the factor and an indicator of a level of trust in the factor.
3. The database system of claim 2 , wherein a rule is based on at least one of the value of the factor and the level of trust of the factor.
4. The database system of claim 1 , wherein a factor has a type comprising:
a physical factor type indicating a physical, network, or database characteristic of the user;
an implementation factor type indicating an implementation-based characteristic of the user; or
an environmental factor type indicating a geographic or time-based characteristic of the user.
5. The database system of claim 1 , wherein security is based on values and levels of trust of more than one factor.
6. The database system of claim 1 , wherein a rule comprises a condition that is used to perform at least one of:
evaluate access within a realm authorization;
set a secure application role; or
set an authorization to perform a specific SQL command.
7. The database system of claim 6 , wherein the condition of the rule comprises at least one of equal, not equal, greater than, greater than or equal, less than, less than or equal, in list, not in list, and between.
8. The database system of claim 1 , wherein the rule triggers an audit event, alert, or notification upon success or failure of the rule.
9. The database system of claim 1 , wherein a rule is defined based on a configuration of security definitions.
10. A method of operating a database system comprising:
providing a plurality of database objects, each database object having an individual level of security;
providing a plurality of factors, each factor representing a characteristic of a user of the database system;
providing a plurality of rules, each rule defining a limitation on operation of the database system by the user based on at least one of the plurality of factors and based on attributes of data to be operated on, including the individual level of security of the database object of the data to be operated on;
providing a plurality of realms, each realm defining a privilege of the user of the database system relative to a schema of the database system, wherein each realm comprises a logical grouping of database schemas, and further comprises associations to at least one of the database schemas, at least one user account, and at least one database role; and
determining whether to grant or deny access to data to a user based on the factors associated with the user, based on the rules satisfied by the factors associated with the user and the attributes of the data, and based on the realm associated with the user.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein each factor comprises a value of the factor and an indicator of a level of trust in the factor.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein a rule is based on at least one of the value of the factor and the level of trust of the factor.
13. The method of claim 10 , wherein a factor has a type comprising:
a physical factor type indicating a physical, network, or database characteristic of the user;
an implementation factor type indicating an implementation-based characteristic of the user; or
an environmental factor type indicating a geographic or time-based characteristic of the user.
14. The method of claim 10 , wherein security is based on values and levels of trust of more than one factor.
15. The method of claim 10 , wherein a rule comprises a condition that is used to perform at least one of:
evaluate access within a realm authorization;
set a secure application role; or
set an authorization to perform a specific SQL command.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the condition of the rule comprises at least one of equal, not equal, greater than, greater than or equal, less than, less than or equal, in list, not in list, and between.
17. The method of claim 10 , wherein the rule triggers an audit event, alert, or notification upon success or failure of the rule.
18. The method of claim 10 , wherein a rule is defined based on a configuration of security definitions.
19. A computer program product for operating a database system comprising:
a computer readable medium;
computer program instructions, recorded on the computer readable medium, executable by a processor, for performing the steps of
providing a plurality of database objects, each database object having an individual level of security;
providing a plurality of factors, each factor representing a characteristic of a user of the database system;
providing a plurality of rules, each rule defining a limitation on operation of the database system by the user based on at least one of the plurality of factors and based on attributes of data to be operated on, including the individual level of security of the database object of the data to be operated on;
providing a plurality of realms, each realm defining a privilege of the user of the database system relative to a schema of the database system, wherein each realm comprises a logical grouping of database schemas, and further comprises associations to at least one of the database schemas, at least one user account, and at least one database role; and
determining whether to grant or deny access to data to a user based on the factors associated with the user, based on the rules satisfied by the factors associated with the user and the attributes of the data, and based on the realm associated with the user.
20. The computer program product of claim 19 , wherein each factor comprises a value of the factor and an indicator of a level of trust in the factor.
21. The computer program product of claim 20 , wherein a rule is based on at least one of the value of the factor and the level of trust of the factor.
22. The computer program product of claim 19 , wherein a factor has a type comprising:
a physical factor type indicating a physical, network, or database characteristic of the user;
an implementation factor type indicating an implementation-based characteristic of the user; or
an environmental factor type indicating a geographic or time-based characteristic of the user.
23. The computer program product of claim 19 , wherein security is based on values and levels of trust of more than one factor.
24. The computer program product of claim 19 , wherein a rule comprises a condition that is used to perform at least one of: evaluate access within a realm authorization; set a secure application role; or set an authorization to perform a specific SQL command.
25. The computer program product of claim 24 , wherein the condition of the rule comprises at least one of equal, not equal, greater than, greater than or equal, less than, less than or equal, in list, not in list, and between.
26. The computer program product of claim 19 , wherein the rule triggers an audit event, alert, or notification upon success or failure of the rule.
27. The computer program product of claim 19 , wherein a rule is defined based on a configuration of security definitions.