Microchannel apparatus capable of separating phases and methods of using same
Multiphasic reactions, especially those reactions using a phase transfer catalyst, are conducted in microchannel apparatus. Advantageously, these reactions can be conducted with two, planar microlayers of reactants in adjacent laminar flow streams. Microchannel apparatus and methods for conducting unit operations such as reactions and separations in microchannel apparatus is also described. Microchannel apparatus can provide advantages for controlling reactions and separating products, solvents or reactants in multiphase reactions.
1. Microchannel apparatus, comprising:
a separation zone that comprises:
at least one portion of an internal surface that is hydrophilic;
at least one portion of an internal surface that is hydrophobic; and
at least one separation assist feature selected from the group consisting of: an expansion zone in the separation zone that is connected to a reaction channel and has a larger internal cross-sectional area than the reaction channel, a phase coalescence element, and a separator plate that forms a boarder of an open area that has a length of at least 3 mm; and
wherein the separation zone has at least one internal dimension of 2 mm or less.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the internal surface that is hydrophilic comprises hydrophilic silica or plasma-treated polymer.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the internal surface that is hydrophobic comprises tetrafluoroethylene.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the apparatus comprises a reaction channel; and wherein the separation zone comprises an expansion zone that is connected to the reaction channel and has a larger internal cross-sectional area than the reaction channel.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the separation zone comprises fibers or foam.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the separation between hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces is less than 2 mm.
7. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the separation zone comprises a coalescence element.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the separation zone further comprises a separator plate.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the separation zone comprises a separator plate that forms a boarder of an open area that has a length of at least 3 mm.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the separator plate has a hydrophilic side and a hydrophobic side.
11. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the separation zone further comprises a porous separator plate.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the separator plate has a hydrophilic side and a hydrophobic side.
13. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the separation zone comprises a separator plate that forms a boarder of an open area that has a length of at least 3 mm.
14. A method of conducting at least one unit operation, comprising:
passing a multiphasic fluid stream into a separation zone;
wherein the multiphasic stream comprises a first non-solid phase and a second non-solid phase;
wherein the separation zone comprises:
at least one portion of an internal surface that is hydrophilic;
at least one portion of an internal surface that is hydrophobic; and
at least one separation assist feature selected from the group consisting of: an expansion zone in the separation zone that is connected to a reaction channel and has a larger internal cross-sectional area than the reaction channel, a phase coalescence element, and a separator plate that forms a boarder of an open area that has a length of at least 3 mm;
wherein the multiphasic fluid stream passed into the separator zone has at least one dimension of 2 mm or less; and
wherein at least two separate streams pass from the separator zone, comprising a first separated stream and a second separated stream;
wherein the first separated stream contains a relatively higher ratio of the first non-solid phase to the second non-solid phase as compared to the multiphasic fluid stream entering the separator zone; and
wherein the second separated stream contains a relatively lower ratio of the first non-solid phase to the second non-solid phase as compared to the multiphasic fluid stream entering the separator zone.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the first non-solid phase comprises an aqueous phase and the second non-solid phase comprises an organic phase that is immiscible with the aqueous phase.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the aqueous phase comprises an emulsion.
17. The method of claim 14 wherein the separation zone comprises a separator plate.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein the separator plate is porous.
19. The method of claim 14 wherein the separation zone comprises a coalescence element.