Optical modulator and transmitter
To reduce wavelength chirp and produce multi-valued signal light that can be readily demodulated on a receiver side, a Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator includes an incident waveguide that branches input light, a pair of optical waveguides that respectively transmit the branched light and exhibit an electro-optic effect, a pair of signal electrodes arranged along the optical waveguides, and an exit waveguide that outputs an interfered light of the light transmitted through the optical waveguides. Furthermore, at a boundary, the polarity of each of the optical waveguides reverses, and either the optical waveguides or the signal electrodes cross each other.
1. A Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator comprising:
an incident waveguide that branches input light into branched lights;
a pair of optical waveguides including a first optical waveguide and a second optical waveguide that respectively transmit the branched lights and exhibit an electro-optic effect;
a pair of signal electrodes including a first signal electrode and a second signal electrode respectively arranged along the pair of optical waveguides; and
an exit waveguide that outputs an interfered light of the branched lights transmitted respectively through the pair of optical waveguides, wherein
polarizations of the pair of optical waveguides are reversed respectively at a boundary, and
any one of a crossing of the first optical waveguide and the second optical waveguide or a crossing of the first signal electrode and the second electrode occurs near the boundary.
2. A Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator comprising:
an incident optical waveguide that receives a light and branches the light;
a pair of optical waveguides that are formed on a substrate exhibiting an electro-optic effect and respectively transmit the light branched by the incident optical waveguide;
a pair of signal electrodes that respectively correspond to the pair of optical waveguides individually and are arranged accordingly along the pair of optical waveguides; and
an exit optical waveguide that outputs an interfered light of the branched lights transmitted respectively through the pair of optical waveguides and transmits the interfered light as a signal light, wherein
a polarization reversing region where polarization is reversed and a polarization non-reversing region where polarization is not reversed are formed on the substrate bordered by a boundary on the substrate,
correspondences between the pair of signal electrodes and the pair of optical waveguides, switch near the boundary, and
a first optical waveguide and a second optical waveguide of the pair of optical waveguides cross each other near the boundary, and the correspondences switch.
3. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 2 , wherein the pair of optical waveguides are symmetrically arranged about a straight line connecting a branch point of the incident optical waveguide with an interference point of the exit optical waveguide.
4. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 3 , wherein a first optical waveguide and a second optical waveguide of the pair of optical waveguides cross each other at a substantially right angle.
5. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 4 , wherein an output power ratio at the crossing of the pair of optical waveguides is at least 15 decibels.
6. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 3 , wherein a directional coupler constitutes a crossing of the pair of optical waveguides.
7. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 3 , wherein a multimode interference coupler constitutes a crossing of the pair of optical waveguides.
8. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 3 , wherein a crossing of the pair of optical waveguides is a three-dimensional crossing.
9. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 2 , wherein among a plurality of segments that respectively correspond to a first optical waveguide and a second optical waveguide of the pair of optical waveguides and interact with the pair of signal electrodes, the segments formed in the polarization reversing region have a length that is equivalent to the segments formed in the polarization non-reversing region.
10. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 2 , wherein among a plurality of segments that respectively correspond to a first optical waveguide and a second optical waveguide of the pair of optical waveguides and interact with the pair of signal electrodes, a first segment extending from the boundary toward the exit optical waveguide is longer than a second segment extending from the boundary toward the incident optical waveguide.
11. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 10 , wherein the polarization reversing region extends from the boundary toward the incident optical waveguide.
12. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 2 , wherein a plurality of boundaries exist on the substrate, and the polarization reversing region and the polarization non-reversing region are alternately formed with the boundaries provided therebetween.
13. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 2 , wherein the pair of optical waveguides include a first optical waveguide and a second optical waveguide and interact with the pair of signal electrodes at a segment, and the segment respective to the first optical waveguide is arranged in the polarization reversing region and the segment respective to the second optical waveguide is arranged in the polarization non-reversing region.
14. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 2 , wherein a first optical waveguide and a second optical waveguide of the pair of optical waveguides respectively have a segment that interacts with the pair of signal electrodes and differ in length.
15. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 2 , wherein in the substrate, a first signal electrode and a second signal electrode of the pair of signal electrodes are arranged respectively in a first buffer layer and a second buffer layer that differ in thickness.
16. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 2 , wherein a distance from a first signal electrode and a second signal electrode of the pair of signal electrodes to an earth electrode respectively provided to differs.
17. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 2 , wherein a first signal electrode and a second signal electrode of the pair of signal electrodes are each provided with a signal electrode pad that leads out to a similar side of the substrate.
18. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 17 , wherein the first signal electrode and the second signal electrode have a length that is equivalent from the signal electrode pad that respectively corresponds thereto to an optical waveguide of the pair of optical waveguides that also respectively corresponds thereto.
19. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 17 , wherein the first signal electrode and the second signal electrode each have a detour at a position at the boundary.
20. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 2 , further comprising a phase modulator that modulates a phase of the signal light.
21. A transmitter comprising the Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 2 .
22. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator comprising:
an incident optical waveguide that receives a light and branches the light;
a pair of optical waveguides that are formed on a substrate exhibiting an electro-optic effect and respectively transmit the light branched by the incident optical waveguide;
a pair of signal electrodes that respectively correspond to the pair of optical waveguides individually and are arranged accordingly along the pair of optical waveguides; and
an exit optical waveguide that outputs an interfered light of the branched lights transmitted respectively through the pair of optical waveguides and transmits the interfered light as a signal light, wherein
a polarization reversing region where polarization is reversed and a polarization non-reversing region where polarization is not reversed are formed on the substrate bordered by a boundary on the substrate,
correspondences between the pair of signal electrodes and the pair of optical waveguides, switch near the boundary, and
a first signal electrode and a second signal electrode of the pair of signal electrodes crosses each other three-dimensionally near the boundary, thereby causing the correspondences between the pair of signal electrodes and the pair of optical waveguides to switch.
23. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 22 , wherein at least one of the first signal electrode and the second signal electrode is formed by a wire and the three-dimensional crossing of the pair of signal electrodes near the boundary is by the wire.
24. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 23 , further comprising an electrode pad that bonds the wire and is provided at both ends of the wire.
25. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 22 , wherein at a position near the boundary, the pair of signal electrodes are arranged in a plurality of layers.
26. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 25 , wherein the layers are arranged through an insulating layer.
27. The Mach-Zehnder type optical modulator according to claim 25 , wherein the first signal electrode and the second signal electrode cross each other three-dimensionally in a buffer layer of the substrate.