Surfactantless synthesis of amphiphilic cationic block copolymers
The present invention is directed to a method of producing an amphiphilic block copolymer, including the steps of: (1) preparing a first aqueous polymerization medium which is comprised of (a) 4-vinylpyridine, (b) a trithiocarbonate RAFT agent, and an emulsifier, wherein the emulsifier is prepared in-situ within the aqueous polymerization medium by the reaction of a latent surfactant with a surfactant activator; (2) polymerizing the 4-vinylpyridine within the first aqueous polymerization medium in the presence of a first free radical initiator to produce a poly(4-vinylpyridine); (3) protonating the poly(4-vinylpyridine) to form a protonated poly(4-vinylpyridine) RAFT macroinitiator; (4) preparing a second aqueous polymerization medium which is comprised of the protonated poly(4-vinylpyridine) RAFT macroinitiator and a monomer containing ethylenic unsaturation but is exclusive of a surfactant; and (5) polymerizing the protonated poly(4-vinylpyridine) RAFT macroinitiator and monomer containing ethylenic unsaturation within the second aqueous medium in the presence of a second free radical initiator and a temperature less than 100° C. to produce an amphiphilic block copolymer of the 4-vinylpyridine and monomer containing ethylenic unsaturation.
1. A method of producing an amphiphilic block copolymer, comprising the steps of:
(1) preparing a first aqueous polymerization medium which is comprised of
(a) 4-vinylpyridine,
(b) a trithiocarbonate RAFT agent, and an emulsifier, wherein the emulsifier is prepared in-situ within the aqueous polymerization medium by the reaction of a latent surfactant with a surfactant activator;
(2) polymerizing the 4-vinylpyridine within the first aqueous polymerization medium in the presence of a first free radical initiator to produce a poly(4-vinylpyridine);
(3) protonating the poly(4-vinylpyridine) to form a protonated poly(4-vinylpyridine) RAFT macroinitiator;
(4) preparing a second aqueous polymerization medium which is comprised of the protonated poly(4-vinylpyridine) RAFT macroinitiator and a monomer containing ethylenic unsaturation but is exclusive of a surfactant; and
(5) polymerizing the protonated poly(4-vinylpyridine) RAFT macroinitiator and monomer containing ethylenic unsaturation within the second aqueous medium in the presence of a second free radical initiator and a temperature less than 100° C. to produce an amphiphilic block copolymer of the 4-vinylpyridine and monomer containing ethylenic unsaturation.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the trithiocarbonate RAFT agent is of the structural formula:
wherein R 1 is a divalent alkyl group of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, R 2 and R 3 are each independently hydrogen or an alkyl group of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and R 4 is —OH or —COOH, with the proviso that the total carbon atoms of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is no greater than 12; and wherein Y represents a functional group that is capable of activating a vinylic carbon toward free radical addition.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein R 1 is (CH 2 )m where m ranges from 1 to 4.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein Y represents a function group selected from the group consisting of benzyl, picolyl, and t-butyl.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein R 1 is (CH 2 ) 9 , R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen, R 4 is —COOH, Y is benzyl, and the free radical control agent is S-benzyl-S′-(11-undecanoic acid) trithiocarbonate.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein R 1 is CH 2 , R 2 is (CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 , R 3 is hydrogen, R 4 is —OH, Y is benzyl, and the free radical control agent is S-benzyl-S′-(2-hydroxydecyl) trithiocarbonate.
7. The method of claim 2 , wherein R 1 is CH 2 , R 2 is (CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 , R 3 is hydrogen, R 4 is —OH, Y is 4-picolyl, and the free radical control agent is S-(4-Picolyl)-S′-(2-hydroxydecyl) trithiocarbonate.
8. The method of claim 2 , wherein the at least one monomer is butadiene and the amphiphilic block copolymer is poly(4-vinylpyridene-b-butadiene).
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one monomer comprises butadiene and styrene and the amphiphilic block copolymer is poly (4-vinylpyridene-b-styrenebutadiene).
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the amphiphilic block copolymer is in the form of a stable latex that does not contain additional surfactant.