Airfoil embodying mixed loading conventions
A high-lift airfoil embodying a combination of loading conventions in a single design specifically to reduce and control total pressure losses that occur in the flow channels between airfoils employed in turbomachinery applications is disclosed herein. The mixed-loading high-lift airfoil designs embody and exhibit the best total profile and secondary loss characteristics possessed by both aft-loaded airfoil and front-loaded airfoil conventions through controlling the development and interaction of boundary layers forming along the surfaces of the airfoils and the endwalls in such applications. The mixed-loading high-lift airfoil may be utilized in both rotating and non-rotating turbomachinery applications.
1. A blade, comprising:
a platform;
a concave pressure side;
a convex suction side; and
an airfoil comprising:
a root section comprising a first loading convention and an attachment engaged to said platform;
a midspan section comprising a second loading convention;
a tip section comprising a third loading convention, wherein a spanwise distribution of said first loading convention, said second loading convention and said third loading convention across a span of said airfoil comprises a mixed-loading convention and a Zweifel load coefficient equal to about or greater than about 1.2.
2. The blade of claim 1 , wherein said span comprises a plurality of distributions of curvature and extends from said root section to said tip section.
3. The blade of claim 2 , wherein said root, midspan and tip sections each comprise a plurality of curvature values at a plurality of locations on an axial chord of said airfoil.
4. The blade of claim 3 , wherein each of said sections comprises a maximum curvature value within said plurality of said curvature values.
5. The blade of claim 4 , wherein said maximum curvature value of said root section is located on said axial chord at a position greater than said maximum curvature value of said midspan section.
6. The blade of claim 4 , wherein said maximum curvature value of said tip section is located on said axial chord at a position greater than said maximum curvature value of said midspan section.
7. The blade of claim 1 , wherein said root section disposed contiguous to said midspan section possesses a spanwise distribution of total pressure loss for a mixed-loading convention as illustrated in FIG. 5 .
8. The blade of claim 1 , wherein said first loading convention and said third loading convention are aft-loaded.
9. The blade of claim 1 , wherein said second loading convention is front-loaded.
10. The blade of claim 1 , wherein said tip section is not attached to an outer endwall of an engine shroud.
11. A vane, comprising:
a platform;
a concave pressure side;
a convex suction side; and
an airfoil comprising:
a root section comprising a first loading convention, wherein said root section further comprises an attachment engaging said platform;
a midspan section comprising a second loading convention;
a tip section comprising a third loading convention; and
wherein a spanwise distribution of said first loading convention, said second loading convention and said third loading convention across a span of said airfoil comprises a mixed-loading convention and a Zweifel load coefficient equal to about or greater than about 1.2.
12. The vane of claim 11 , wherein said span comprises a plurality of distributions of curvature and extends from said root section to said tip section.
13. The vane of claim 12 , wherein said root, midspan and tip sections each comprise a plurality of curvature values at a plurality of locations on an axial chord of said airfoil.
14. The vane of claim 13 , wherein each of said sections comprises a maximum of curvature value within said plurality of said curvature values.
15. The vane of claim 14 , wherein said maximum curvature value of said root section is located on said axial chord at a position greater than said maximum curvature value of said midspan section.
16. The vane of claim 14 , wherein said maximum curvature value of said tip section is located on said axial chord at a position greater than said maximum curvature value of said midspan section.
17. The vane of claim 11 , wherein said root section disposed contiguous to said midspan section possesses a spanwise distribution of total pressure loss for a mixed-loading convention as illustrated in FIG. 5 .
18. The vane of claim 11 , wherein said first loading convention and said third loading convention are aft-loaded.
19. The vane of claim 11 , wherein said second loading convention is front-loaded.
20. The vane of claim 11 , wherein said tip section is attached to an outer endwall of an engine shroud.
21. A method of turning air in a turbomachinery application, comprising:
providing a turbine having a plurality of mixed load airfoils wherein each said airfoil comprises a root section comprising a first loading convention, a midspan section comprising a second loading convention, a tip section comprising a third loading convention, and a spanwise distribution of said first loading convention, said second loading convention and said third loading convention across a span of said airfoil comprises a mixed-loading convention and a Zweifel load coefficient equal to about or greater than about 1.2;
applying a working medium fluid having at least one direction and a velocity to said turbine, wherein said at least one direction of said fluid is parallel to a centerline of said turbine and said plurality of mixed load airfoils are positioned to reduce pressure losses experienced by said turbine; and
turning said fluid as said fluid passes through said plurality of mixed-loading airfoils of said turbine.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein said airfoil is an integral part of a vane.
23. The method of claim 21 , wherein turning said fluid comprises:
passing said fluid against said mixed-loading airfoils of a plurality of vanes; and
turning of said fluid by said mixed-loading airfoils.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein said velocity comprises a range of about Mach 0.1 to about Mach 2.0.
25. The method of claim 21 , wherein said airfoil is an integral part of a blade.
26. The method of claim 21 , wherein turning said fluid comprises:
passing said fluid against said mixed-loading airfoils of a plurality of blades;
rotating said plurality of blades by said velocity of said fluid; and
turning said fluid by said mixed-loading airfoils.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein said velocity comprises a range of about Mach 0.1 to about Mach 2.0.