Aqueous suspension of nanoscale drug particles from supercritical fluid processing
The present invention is directed to an improved supercritical fluid processing technique that can be used to form particulate suspensions of biologically useful materials. The disclosed processes include variations of RESS processes. The disclosed processes do not form micelles of any stabilizing agents in the aqueous solution that receives the product materials following rapid expansion through a nozzle. In particular, stabilizing agents in the aqueous solution are either materials that will not form micelles in aqueous environments, or else they are materials that can form micelles, but are utilized at conditions that are insufficient for the formation of micelles or at least not suitable for any significant presence of micelles in the product. Through utilization of the disclosed process, particulate suspensions can be formed exclusively of very small particles, for example, particulate suspensions in which all of the particles formed are less than 100 nm in size. Moreover, the product suspension of particles can be very homogeneous, with particle size distribution standard deviations of less than about 15 nm.
1. A process comprising:
dissolving a biologically active material into a solvent to form a non-aqueous solution, wherein the biologically active material displays little or no aqueous solubility, the non-aqueous solution consisting essentially of the biologically active material and the solvent;
compressing and heating the solution to form a supercritical solution;
rapidly expanding the supercritical solution through a nozzle into an aqueous solution, wherein the aqueous solution comprises a stabilizing agent in an amount less than the critical micelle concentration of the stabilizing agent;
forming a particulate suspension in the aqueous solution, wherein the ratio of biologically active material to stabilizing agent in the particulate suspension is between 1:1 and about 4:1, wherein all of the particles formed in the aqueous suspension comprise the biologically active material, at least about 95% of the particles are less than 100 nm in size, and the particle size distribution standard deviation of all of the particles formed in the aqueous solution is less than about 15 nm.
2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the solvent is carbon dioxide.
3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the stabilizing agent is a surfactant.
4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the stabilizing agent is a food emulsifier.
5. The process according to claim 1 , wherein all of the particles formed by the process have a diameter of between about 10 and about 95 nm.
6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the particle size distribution standard deviation of all of the particles formed in the aqueous solution is between about 5 and about 10 nm.
7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the biologically active material to the stabilizing agent is between about 2:1 and about 4:1.