Oxidation catalyst
The present invention generally relates to catalyst systems and methods for oxidation of carbon monoxide. The invention involves catalyst compositions which may be advantageously altered by, for example, modification of the catalyst surface to enhance catalyst performance. Catalyst systems of the present invention may be capable of performing the oxidation of carbon monoxide at relatively lower temperatures (e.g., 200 K and below) and at relatively higher reaction rates than known catalysts. Additionally, catalyst systems disclosed herein may be substantially lower in cost than current commercial catalysts. Such catalyst systems may be useful in, for example, catalytic converters, fuel cells, sensors, and the like.
1. A catalyst system for oxidation of carbon monoxide, comprising:
a reaction chamber constructed and arranged to be exposed to a source of carbon monoxide and a source of a dioxygen species, the reaction chamber comprising a catalyst composition,
the catalyst composition comprising a base material and a surface, wherein the surface comprises a surface monolayer of atoms comprising gold atoms present in an amount of no more than about 7.4×10 6 gold atoms per μm 2 ,
wherein the gold atoms are present in the catalyst composition in an amount of 2.7×10 −5 % or less by weight, based on the base material, and
wherein the catalyst composition has a crystal structure substantially similar to a crystal structure of a comparative composition that is essentially identical to the catalyst composition, but wherein the comparative composition lacks gold atoms.
2. A catalyst system as in claim 1 , wherein the surface monolayer of atoms comprises gold atoms present in an amount of no more than about 5.6×10 6 gold atoms per μm 2 .
3. A catalyst system as described in claim 1 , wherein the surface monolayer of atoms comprises gold atoms present in an amount of no more than about 3.7×10 6 gold atoms per μm 2 .
4. A catalyst system as described in claim 1 , wherein the surface monolayer of atoms comprises gold atoms present in an amount of no more than about 2.8×10 6 gold atoms per μm 2 .
5. A catalyst system as described in claim 1 , wherein the catalyst composition further comprises nickel.
6. A catalyst system for oxidation of carbon monoxide, comprising:
a reaction chamber constructed and arranged to be exposed to a source of carbon monoxide and a source of a dioxygen species, the reaction chamber comprising a catalyst composition,
the catalyst composition comprising a base material and a surface, wherein the surface comprises a surface monolayer of atoms comprising gold atoms present in an amount of no more than 40%,
wherein the gold atoms are present in the catalyst composition in an amount of 2.7×10 −5 % or less by weight, based on the base material, and
wherein the catalyst composition has a crystal structure substantially similar to a crystal structure of a comparative composition that is essentially identical to the catalyst composition, but wherein the comparative composition lacks gold atoms.
7. A catalyst system as in claim 6 , wherein the surface monolayer of atoms comprises gold atoms present in an amount of no more than about 30%.
8. A catalyst system as described in claim 6 , wherein the surface monolayer of atoms comprises gold atoms present in an amount of no more than 20%.
9. A catalyst system as described in claim 6 , wherein the surface monolayer of atoms comprises gold atoms present in an amount of no more than 15%.
10. A catalyst system as described in claim 6 , wherein the catalyst composition further comprises nickel.
11. A catalyst system for oxidation of carbon monoxide, comprising:
a reaction chamber constructed and arranged to be exposed to a source of carbon monoxide and a source of a dioxygen species, the reaction chamber comprising a catalyst composition,
the catalyst composition comprising a base material and gold atoms primarily positioned in an exposed state at the surface, wherein at least 90% of the gold atoms in the catalyst composition are so exposed at the surface,
wherein the gold atoms are present in an amount of 2.7×10 −5 % or less by weight, based on the base material, and
wherein the catalyst composition has a crystal structure substantially similar to a crystal structure of a comparative composition that is essentially identical to the catalyst composition, but wherein the comparative composition lacks gold atoms.
12. A catalyst system as in claim 11 , wherein at least 90% of the gold atoms in the catalyst composition do not contact other gold atoms.
13. A catalyst system as described in claim 11 , wherein the gold atoms are present in an amount of 2.0×10 −5 % or less by weight, based on the base material.
14. A catalyst system as described in claim 11 , wherein the gold atoms are present in an amount of 1.3×10 −5 % or less by weight, based on the base material.
15. A catalyst system as described in claim 11 , wherein the gold atoms are present in an amount of 1.0×10 −5 % or less by weight, based on the base material.
16. A catalyst system as described in claim 11 , wherein the catalyst composition further comprises nickel.