Identification of genes
A method for identifying a microorganism having a reduced adaptation to a particular environment comprising the steps of: (1) providing a plurality of microorganisms each of which is independently mutated by the insertional inactivation of a gene with a nucleic acid comprising a unique marker sequence so that each mutant contains a different marker sequence, or clones of the said microorganism; (2) providing individually a stored sample of each mutant produced by step (1) and providing individually stored nucleic acid comprising the unique marker sequence from each individual mutant; (3) introducing a plurality of mutants produced by step (1) into the said particular environment and allowing those microorganisms which are able to do so to grow in the said environment; (4) retrieving microorganisms from the said environment or a selected part thereof and isolating the nucleic acid from the retrieved microorganisms; (5) comparing any marker sequences in the nucleic acid isolated in step (4) to the unique marker sequence of each individual mutant stored as in step (2); and (6) selecting an individual mutant which does not contain any of the marker sequences as isolated in step (4).
1. A modified Salmonella bacterium comprising a mutation in chromosomal DNA located between the ydhE and pkyF genes of the Salmonella chromosome, wherein the mutation attenuates virulence of the Salmonella bacterium when administered to an animal.
2. The modified Salmonella bacterium of claim 1 , wherein the mutation is located in chromosomal DNA normally comprising at least 85% identity to one of SEQ ID NO: 8-11, 14-21, 24-29, 31-35 or 37-38 or fragment thereof, wherein the fragment comprises at least 50 nucleotides.
3. The modified Salmonella bacterium of claim 2 , wherein the fragment comprises at least 100 nucleotides.
4. The modified Salmonella bacterium of claim 1 , wherein the mutation is located in chromosomal DNA normally comprising at least 95% identity to one of SEQ ID NO: 8-11, 14-21, 24-29, 31-35 or 37-38 or a fragment thereof, wherein the fragment comprises at least 100 nucleotides.
5. The modified Salmonella bacterium of claim 1 , wherein the mutation is located in chromosomal DNA normally comprising a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37 or variant of SEQ ID NO: 37.
6. The modified Salmonella bacterium of claim 1 , wherein the mutation is in a gene component of a type III secretion system.
7. The modified Salmonella bacterium of claim 1 , wherein the Salmonella bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Salmonella enterica, Salmonella typhi , Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella aberdeen, Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella cubana.
8. The modified Salmonella bacterium of claim 1 , wherein the mutation is a frameshift or deletion mutation.
9. The modified Salmonella bacterium of claim 1 , wherein the bacterium further comprises DNA encoding an antigenic epitope of another pathogen.
10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:
a modified Salmonella bacterium, wherein the modified Salmonella bacterium
comprises an attenuating mutation in chromosomal DNA located between the ydhE and
pykF genes of the Salmonella chromosome; and
a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier.
11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10 , wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises an adjuvant.
12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10 , wherein the Salmonella bacterium further comprises DNA encoding an antigenic epitope from another pathogen.