Electrocatalysts having platium monolayers on palladium, palladium alloy, and gold alloy core-shell nanoparticles, and uses thereof
The invention relates to platinum-coated particles useful as fuel cell electrocatalysts. The particles are composed of a noble metal or metal alloy core at least partially encapsulated by an atomically thin surface layer of platinum atoms. The invention particularly relates to such particles having a palladium, palladium alloy, gold alloy, or rhenium alloy core encapsulated by an atomic monolayer of platinum. In other embodiments, the invention relates to fuel cells containing these electrocatalysts and methods for generating electrical energy therefrom.
1. A particle composite comprising:
a core at least partially encapsulated by a shell to form a core-shell particle in which the core and shell have different compositions, being comprised of elements selected from the first, second, and third rows of transition metals; and
an atomically thin layer of platinum atoms at least partially encapsulating the core-shell particle;
wherein at least a portion of the platinum atoms is zerovalent.
2. The particle composite of claim 1 , wherein:
the atomically thin layer of platinum atoms comprises a thickness of about a sub-monolayer to about three monolayers.
3. The particle composite of claim 1 , wherein the core comprises elemental palladium.
4. The particle composite of claim 1 , wherein the core is at least partially encapsulated by a palladium shell.
5. The particle composite of claim 1 , wherein:
the core comprises an element selected from the group containing ruthenium, rhodium, rhenium, osmium, and iridium.
6. The particle composite of claim 1 , wherein:
the core comprises an alloy comprising at least one element chosen from the second or third row of transition metals.
7. The particle composite of claim 6 , wherein:
the alloy further comprises an alloying metal chosen from the first row of transition metals.
8. The particle composite of claim 7 , wherein:
the alloying metal is one of iron, cobalt, nickel, and combinations thereof.
9. The particle composite of claim 1 , wherein the shell is atomically thin.
10. The particle composite of claim 1 , wherein:
the core comprises one of iron, cobalt, nickel, and combinations thereof.
11. The particle composite of claim 10 , wherein:
the shell comprises a metal chosen from the group consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, rhenium, osmium, iridium, gold, and combinations thereof.
12. The particle composite of claim 11 , wherein the shell comprises gold-rhenium.
13. The particle composite of claim 1 , wherein:
the platinum is less than one monolayer thick.
14. The particle composite of claim 13 , further comprising:
a second metal of thickness less than one monolayer, the second metal and the platinum combining to form a platinum alloy of about one monolayer on the core-shell particle.
15. The particle composite of claim 14 , wherein the platinum and the second metal are co-deposited on the surface of the core-shell particle.
16. The particle composite of claim 14 , wherein:
the second metal is chosen from the group consisting of ruthenium, rhenium, osmium, iridium, and gold; and
the second metal comprises about twenty percent of the platinum alloy while the platinum comprises about eighty percent of the platinum alloy.
17. The particle composite of claim 1 , further comprising:
metal-bonding ligands or surfactants on the atomically thin layer of platinum.
18. The, particle composite of claim 1 , wherein:
the particle composite has a size of approximately 3 nanometers to approximately 100 nanometers.
19. The particle composite of claim 18 , wherein:
the particle composite has a size of approximately 3 nanometers to approximately 10nanometers.
20. The particle composite of claim 19 , wherein:
the particle composite has a size of approximately 5 nanometers.