Tunable surfactants for oil recovery applications
The systems and methods described herein provide for modified lignins and other compositions that may be useful as surfactants. These compositions have particular utility for energy-related applications. In embodiments, they may be useful for enhanced oil recovery. In embodiments, they may be useful for extracting bitumen from oil sands. In embodiments, they may be useful for environmental remediation.
1. A petroleum recovery medium comprising water and a pH sensitive surfactant, said surfactant characterized by one or more hydrophobic region(s) or group(s) having an affinity to petroleum and a plurality of ionizable, hydrophilic groups and wherein said surfactant is a modified lignin, the petroleum recovery medium being capable of (1) forming an emulsion with water and petroleum at a first pH and (2) demulsifying said emulsion at a second pH, wherein at least some of said ionizable hydrophilic groups include an ester linkage and a carboxylic acid functional group.
2. The medium in accordance with claim 1 wherein the surfactant is produced by reacting a lignin with an anhydride.
3. The medium in accordance with claim 2 wherein the anhydride is a succinic anhydride.
4. The medium in accordance with claim 3 wherein the anhydride is an alkylated succinic anhydride.
5. The medium in accordance with claim 2 wherein the lignin is a kraft lignin characterized by hydroxyl groups.
6. The medium in accordance with claim 5 wherein between about 50 and 100% of the hydroxyl groups are functionalized.
7. The medium in accordance with claim 1 wherein the surfactant forms the emulsion at a pH of about 7 and demulsifies at a pH of less than about 5.
8. The medium in accordance with claim 1 wherein the lignin is further characterized by a hydrophilic polymer substituent.
9. The medium in accordance with claim 8 wherein the hydrophilic polymer substituent is selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene oxide and a polypropylene oxide.
10. The medium in accordance with claim 9 wherein the hydrophilic polymer substituent is selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene oxide diglycidyl ether and a polypropylene oxide diglycidyl ether.
11. The medium in accordance with claim 10 wherein the hydrophilic polymer substituent has a molecular weight between about 700 and 2500 g/mol.
12. The medium in accordance with claim 11 wherein the inert substituent is selected from the group consisting of a silicone, a siloxane, and a perfluorinated polymer.
13. The medium in accordance with claim 1 wherein the lignin is further characterized by an inert substituent.
14. The medium in accordance with claim 13 wherein the inert substituent is a siloxane and is added in an amount less than 25% by weight to the surfactant.
15. The medium in accordance with claim 1 comprising a surfactant produced by a process comprising reacting a lignin with a succinic acid anhydride, a hydrophilic polymer substituent selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene oxide diglycidyl ether and a polypropylene oxide diglycidyl ether and a siloxane.
16. The medium in accordance with claim 1 wherein the medium is a drilling fluid.
17. A process of producing a carboxylated lignin surfactant comprising reacting a lignin with a succinic acid anhydride, a hydrophilic polymer substituent selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene oxide diglycidyl ether and a polypropylene oxide diglycidyl ether and a siloxane.
18. A method of petroleum recovery, comprising:
(a) making an emulsion at a first pH comprising contacting petroleum and an emulsion producing amount of a petroleum recovery medium comprising water and a surfactant, said surfactant characterized by one or more hydrophobic region(s) or group(s) having an affinity to said petroleum and a plurality of ionizable, hydrophilic group(s), the drilling fluid being capable of forming an emulsion with said water and said petroleum at said first pH;
(b) breaking the emulsion by changing the pH to a second pH;
(c) isolating the petroleum containing phase.
19. The method of petroleum recovery in accordance with claim 18 wherein the petroleum recovery medium is added to a petroleum-containing underground formation.
20. The method of petroleum recovery in accordance with claim 18 wherein the petroleum recovery medium is added to a tar sand or oil sand.
21. The method of petroleum recovery in accordance with claim 18 wherein the petroleum recovery medium is added to oil laden debris.
22. A petroleum recovery medium comprising water and a pH sensitive surfactant, said surfactant characterized by one or more hydrophobic region(s) or group(s) having an affinity to petroleum and a plurality of ionizable, hydrophilic groups and wherein said surfactant is a modified lignin, the petroleum recovery medium being capable of (1) forming an emulsion with water and petroleum at a first pH and (2) demulsifying said emulsion at a second pH, wherein at least some of said ionizable, hydrophilic groups includes a carboxylic acid functional group and wherein said lignin is further substituted with a hydrophilic polymer substituent.