Memory controller calibration
Components of a memory controller are calibrated in a select sequence to compensate for variances in skew and signal level variations. The offset bias of the receiver of the I/O cell and the termination resistance of the I/O cell are calibrated. The duty cycles of the transmit path and receive path associated with the I/O cell can be calibrated using the calibrated receiver. In one aspect, the driver of the I/O cell can be calibrated prior to calibrating the receiver. Performing the calibration processes of the memory controller in one of the particular sequences described herein improves the timing budgets for the signaling conducted by the memory controller.
1. In a memory controller operably coupled to a memory, a method comprising:
calibrating an offset bias applied to at least one transistor of an input stage of a receiver of an input/output (I/O) cell that is associated with a signal conducted between the memory controller and the memory; and
subsequent to calibrating the offset bias:
calibrating a termination resistance of the I/O cell; and
calibrating a duty cycle correction applied in a path of the memory controller that is associated with the I/O cell.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
calibrating an output impedance of a driver of the I/O cell prior to calibrating the offset bias.
3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising:
recalibrating the output impedance of the driver subsequent to calibrating the offset bias.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein:
the output impedance is recalibrated prior to calibrating the termination resistance; and
the termination resistance is calibrated prior to calibrating the duty cycle correction.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the duty cycle correction is calibrated prior to calibrating the termination resistance.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the duty cycle correction is calibrated subsequent to calibrating the termination resistance.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the path comprises a transmit path of the memory controller, and the method further comprises:
calibrating a duty cycle correction applied in a receive path of the memory controller that is associated with the I/O cell subsequent to calibrating the duty cycle correction applied in the transmit path.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein calibrating the offset bias comprises:
setting an input of the driver to a reference voltage and providing a resulting output of the driver to a first input of the receiver;
providing the reference voltage to a second input of the receiver; and
adjusting the offset bias applied to at least one transistor of the input stage of the receiver until a transition in an output level of the receiver is detected.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the termination resistance comprises a pull-up resistance and a pull-down resistance, and calibrating the termination resistance of the I/O cell comprises:
setting an input of the driver to a reference voltage and providing a resulting output of the driver to a first input of the receiver;
providing the reference voltage to a second input of the receiver; and
adjusting at least one of the pull-up resistance and the pull-down resistance until a transition in an output level of the receiver is detected.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the memory comprises a dual data rate (DDR)-based memory.
11. A memory controller comprising:
an input/output (I/O) cell to conduct a signal between the memory controller and a memory, the I/O cell comprising a driver, a receiver, and a termination circuit;
a duty cycle correction module to correct a duty cycle of the signal for a path of the memory that is associated with the I/O cell; and
a calibration controller to:
calibrate an offset bias applied to at least one transistor of an input stage of the receiver; and
subsequent to calibrating the offset bias:
calibrate a termination resistance provided by the termination circuit; and
calibrate a duty cycle correction applied in the path to the signal by the duty cycle correction controller.
12. The memory controller of claim 11 , wherein the calibration controller further is to calibrate an output impedance of the driver prior to calibrating the offset bias.
13. The memory controller of claim 12 , wherein the calibration controller further is to:
recalibrate the output impedance of the driver subsequent to calibrating the offset bias.
14. The memory controller of claim 12 , wherein:
the calibration controller recalibrates the output impedance prior to calibrating the termination resistance; and
the calibration controller calibrates the termination resistance prior to calibrating the duty cycle correction.
15. The memory controller of claim 11 , wherein:
the calibration controller calibrates the duty cycle correction prior to calibrating the termination resistance.
16. The memory controller of claim 11 , wherein:
the calibration controller calibrates the duty cycle correction subsequent to calibrating the termination resistance.
17. The memory controller of claim 11 , wherein:
the path comprises a transmit path of the memory controller;
the memory controller further comprises a receive path associated with the I/O cell; and
the calibration controller is to calibrate a duty cycle correction applied in the receive path subsequent to calibrating the duty cycle correction applied in the transmit path.
18. The memory controller of claim 11 , wherein the calibration controller is to calibrate the offset bias applied to at least one transistor of the input stage of the receiver by:
setting an input of the driver to a reference voltage and providing a resulting output of the driver to a first input of the receiver;
providing the reference voltage to a second input of the receiver; and
adjusting the offset bias applied to at least one transistor of the input stage of the receiver until a transition in an output level of the receiver is detected.
19. The memory controller of claim 11 , wherein:
the termination circuit comprises a plurality of pull-up transistors coupled in parallel and a plurality of pull-down transistors coupled in parallel; and
the calibration controller is to calibrate the termination resistance of the termination circuit by:
setting an input of the driver to a reference voltage and providing a resulting output of the driver to a first input of the receiver;
providing the reference voltage to a second input of the receiver; and
adjusting a number of transistors of the plurality of pull-up transistors that are enabled and adjusting a number of transistors of the plurality of pull-down transistors that are enabled until a transition in an output level of the receiver is detected.
20. The memory controller of claim 11 , wherein the memory controller comprises a dual data rate (DDR)-based memory controller.