Peptide analogues of GIP for treatment of diabetes, insulin resistance and obesity
The present invention provides peptide analogues which are antagonists of gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). The peptides, based on GIP 1-42 include substitutions and/or modifications which have enhanced resistance to degradation by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV). The invention also provides a process of N terminally modifying GIP and the use of the peptide analogues for treatment of diabetes.
1. A method of treating insulin resistance, the method comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a GIP receptor antagonist, the GIP receptor antagonist comprising a peptide analogue of GIP (1-42) (SEQ ID NO: 1), the peptide analogue selected from the group consisting of
(i) at least 12 amino acid residues from the N-terminal end of GIP (3-42) wherein the amino acids at positions 1 and 2 of GIP (1-42) are absent; and
(ii) at least 12 amino acid residues from the N-terminal end of GIP (1-42) and having an amino acid substitution at Glu 3 selected from the group consisting of hydroxyproline, lysine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan.
2. A method of treating obesity, the method comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a GIP receptor antagonist, the GIP receptor antagonist comprising a peptide analogue of GIP (1-42) (SEQ ID NO: 1), the peptide analogue selected from the group consisting of
(i) at least 12 amino acid residues from the N-terminal end of GIP (3-42) wherein the amino acids at positions 1 and 2 of GIP (1-42) are absent; and
(ii) at least 12 amino acid residues from the N-terminal end of GIP (1-42) and having an amino acid substitution at Glu 3 selected from the group consisting of hydroxyproline, lysine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan.
3. A method of treating insulin resistance, the method comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide analogue of GIP (1-42) (SEQ ID NO: 1), wherein the analogue comprises a base peptide selected from the group consisting of GIP (1-16), GIP (1-17), GIP (1-18), GIP (1-19), GIP (1-20), GIP (1-21), GIP (1-22), GIP (1-23), GIP (1-24), GIP (1-25), GIP (1-26), GIP (1-27), GIP (1-28), GIP (1-29), GIP (1-30), GIP (1-31), GIP (1-32), GIP (1-33), GIP (1-34), GIP (1-35), GIP (1-36), GIP (1-37), GIP (1-38), GIP (1-39), GIP (1-40), GIP (1-41) and GIP (1-42);
wherein the base peptide is modified by N-terminal acetylation and by palmitate fatty acid addition at an epsilon amino group of at least one lysine residue.
4. A method of treating obesity, the method comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide analogue of GIP (1-42) (SEQ ID NO: 1), wherein the analogue comprises a base peptide selected from the group consisting of GIP (1-16), GIP (1-17), GIP (1-18), GIP (1-19), GIP (1-20), GIP (1-21), GIP (1-22), GIP (1-23), GIP (1-24), GIP (1-25), GIP (1-26), GIP (1-27), GIP (1-28), GIP (1-29), GIP (1-30), GIP (1-31), GIP (1-32), GIP (1-33), GIP (1-34), GIP (1-35), GIP (1-36), GIP (1-37), GIP (1-38), GIP (1-39), GIP (1-40), GIP (1-41) and GIP (1-42);
wherein the base peptide is modified by N-terminal acetylation and by palmitate fatty acid addition at an epsilon amino group of at least one lysine residue.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising modification by fatty acid addition at an epsilon amino group of at least one lysine residue.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the modification is the linking of a C-16 palmitate group to the epsilon amino group of a lysine residue.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the lysine residue is Lys 16 .
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the lysine residue is Lys 37 .
9. The method of claim 2 , further comprising modification by fatty acid addition at an epsilon amino group of at least one lysine residue.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the modification is the linking of a C-16 palmitate group to the epsilon amino group of a lysine residue.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the lysine residue is Lys 16 .
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the lysine residue is Lys 37 .