Process for producing a saturated hydrocarbon component
The invention relates to a process for producing high-quality saturated base oil or a base oil component based on hydrocarbons. The process of the invention comprises two main steps, the oligomerization and deoxygenation. A biological starting material containing unsaturated carboxylic acids and/or esters of carboxylic acids is preferably used as the feedstock.
1. Process for producing a saturated hydrocarbon component, characterized in that feedstock comprising one or more component(s) selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids having carbon numbers from C4 to C38, esters of C4 to C38 carboxylic acids and C1-C11 alcohols, C4-C38 carboxylic acid anhydrides, and C4-C38 alcohols is oligomerized in the presence of a cationic clay catalyst or a zeolite catalyst and deoxygenized to produce a saturated hydrocarbon component, said feedstock containing at least 50% by weight of unsaturated and/or polyunsaturated compounds.
2. Process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the feedstock comprises one or more component(s) selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids having carbon numbers from C4 to C24, esters of C12 to C24 carboxylic acids and C1-C3 alcohols, C12-C24 carboxylic acid anhydrides and C12-C24 alcohols.
3. Process according to claim 1 or 2 , characterized in that the feedstock comprises at least one starting material of biological origin, selected from the group consisting of triglycerides, fatty acids, esters of fatty acids and alcohols, fatty acid anhydrides, and fatty alcohols.
4. Process according to claim 3 , characterized in that the starting material is selected from the group consisting of:
a) plant fats, plant oils, plant waxes; animal fats, animal oils, animal waxes; fish fats, fish oils, fish waxes, and mixtures thereof, and
b) free fatty acids or fatty acids obtained by hydrolysis, acid transesterification or pyrolysis reactions from plant fats, plant oils, plant waxes, animal fats, animal oils, animal waxes, fish fats, fish oils, fish waxes, and mixtures thereof, and
c) esters obtained by transesterification from plant fats, plant oils, plant waxes, animal fats, animal oils, animal waxes, fish fats, fish oils, fish waxes, and mixtures thereof, and
d) esters obtained by esterification of free fatty acids of plant, animal and fish origin with alcohols, and mixtures thereof, and
e) fatty alcohols obtained as reduction products of fatty acids from plant fats, plant oils, plant waxes, animal fats, animal oils, animal waxes, fish fats, fish oils, fish waxes, and mixtures thereof, and
f) waste and recycled food grade fats and oils, and fats, oils and waxes obtained by genetic engineering, and mixtures thereof, and
g) mixtures of said starting materials.
5. Process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the feedstock contains at least 80% by weight of unsaturated and/or polyunsaturated compounds.
6. Process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the oligomerization is carried out under a pressure from 0 to 10 MPa, and at a temperature from 100 to 500° C.
7. Process according to claim 1 , characterized in that up to 10%, by weight of water is added to the feedstock containing carboxylic acids in the oligomerization step.
8. Process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the deoxygenation is carried out as hydrodeoxygenation or as decarbonylation/decarboxylation, the deoxygenation being carried out prior to, or following oligomerization.
9. Process according to claim 8 , characterized in that the hydrodeoxygenation is carried out in the presence of hydrogen, at a temperature between 100 and 500° C., under a pressure between 0 and 20 MPa, the flow rate WHSV being between 0.1 and 10 l/h, in the presence of a hydrodeoxygenation catalyst.
10. Process according to claim 8 or 9 , characterized in that the hydrodeoxygenation catalyst is a Pd, Pt, Ni, NiMo or CoMo catalyst having an alumina and/or silica support.
11. Process according to claim 8 , characterized in that prior to hydrodeoxygenation, the product from the oligomerization step is subjected to prehydrogenation in the presence of a catalyst, at a temperature between 50 and 400° C., under a hydrogen pressure between 0.1 and 20 MPa, the flow rate WHSV being between 0.1 and 10 l/h.
12. Process according to claim 11 , characterized in that the prehydrogenation reaction catalyst is a Pd, Pt, Ni, NiMo or CoMo catalyst having an alumina and/or silica support.
13. Process according to claim 8 , characterized in that the feedstock of the process, or the product of the oligomerization step is subjected to decarboxylation/decarbonylation in the presence of a decarboxylation/decarbonylation catalyst, at a temperature between 200 and 400° C., pressure between 0 and 20 MPa, the flow rate WHSH being between 0.1 and 10 l/h.
14. Process according to claim 11 , characterized in that the decarboxylation/decarbonylation catalyst is a Pd, Pt, Ni, NiMo or CoMo catalyst having an alumina and/or silica support or an activated carbon support.
15. Process according to claim 1 , characterized in that following the oligomerization and deoxygenation steps, the product is subjected to isomerization in the presence of hydrogen gas under a pressure between 0.1 and 20 MPa, at a temperature between 100 and 500° C., in the presence of an isomerization catalyst.
16. Process according to claim 15 , characterized in that the isomerization catalyst is a supported catalyst containing a molecular sieve and a metal of the Group VIII of the periodic table of the elements.
17. The process according to claim 7 , wherein from 0.1 to 4% by weight of water is added to the feedstock.