Methods for diagnosing an attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder
Changes that occur in Na + K + ATPase regulation and therefore in the membrane potential in cells from bipolar individuals, as compared to cells from unaffected control individuals, are utilized to provide a diagnostic assay for bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. The diagnostic assay may also or instead exploit the similarity of cells from new patients to those of people already known to have bipolar I or bipolar II disorder. A similar diagnostic assay is provided for diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and unipolar disorder. The diagnostic assays may further involve manipulation of membrane potential by incubation of cells in K + -free buffer and/or incubation with one or more compounds that alter Na + K + ATPase activity. Although a variety of cells may be used, the diagnostic assays preferably employ lymphoblasts or whole blood cells.
1. A method for diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a human patient, comprising:
(a) obtaining a ratio of
(i) the mean membrane potential of cells of a test human patient incubated in vitro in the presence of a compound that alters Na + K + ATPase activity, but in the absence of K + , to
(ii) the mean membrane potential of cells of the test human patient incubated in vitro in the absence of the compound that alters Na + K + ATPase activity, but in the presence of K + ; and
at least one of the following steps (b) or (b′):
(b) comparing the ratio obtained in (a) to a control ratio, wherein the control ratio is the ratio of
(iii) the mean membrane potential of corresponding control cells of one or more humans known to not have ADHD incubated in vitro in the presence of a compound that alters Na + K + ATPase activity, but in the absence of K + , to
(iv) the mean membrane potential of corresponding control cells of one or more humans known to not have ADHD incubated in vitro in the absence of the compound that alters Na + K + ATPase activity, but in the presence of K + ,
wherein when the ratio obtained in (a) is significantly higher than the control ratio obtained in (b), said test human patient is diagnosed as having ADHD;
(b′) comparing the ratio obtained in (a) to a ADHD control ratio, wherein the ADHD control ratio is the ratio of
(v) the mean membrane potential of corresponding ADHD control cells of one or more humans known to have ADHD incubated in vitro in the presence of a compound that alters Na + K + ATPase activity, but in the absence of K + , to
(vi) the mean membrane potential of corresponding ADHD control cells of one or more humans known to have ADHD incubated in vitro in the absence of the compound that alters Na + K + ATPase activity, but in the presence of K + ,
wherein when the ratio obtained in (a) is not significantly different than the ADHD control ratio obtained in (b′), said test human patient is diagnosed as having ADHD,
wherein each mean membrane potential is determined by incubating the cells in vitro in buffer comprising a potential-sensitive dye, resuspending the cells in potential-sensitive dye free-buffer, and measuring cell fluorescence.
2. A method for diagnosing ADHD in a human patient, comprising:
(a) obtaining a ratio of
(i) the mean membrane potential of cells of a human test patient incubated in vitro in the presence of a compound that alters Na + K + ATPase activity, but in the absence of K + , to
(ii) the mean membrane potential of cells of the test human patient incubated in vitro in the absence of the compound that alters Na + K + ATPase activity, but in the presence of K + ; and
at least one of the following steps (b) or (b′):
(b) comparing the ratio obtained in (a) to a bipolar I control ratio, wherein the bipolar I control ratio is the ratio of
(iii) the mean membrane potential of corresponding control cells of one or more humans known to have bipolar I disorder incubated in vitro in the presence of a compound that alters Na + K + ATPase activity, but in the absence of K + , to
(iv) the mean membrane potential of corresponding control cells of one or more humans known to have bipolar I disorder incubated in vitro in the absence of the compound that alters Na + K + ATPase activity, but in the presence of K + ,
wherein when the ratio obtained in (a) is significantly higher than the bipolar I control ratio obtained in (b), said test human patient is diagnosed as having ADHD;
(b′) comparing the ratio obtained in (a) to an ADHD control ratio, wherein the ADHD control ratio is the ratio of
(v) the mean membrane potential of corresponding control cells of one or more humans known to have ADHD incubated in vitro in the presence of a compound that alters Na + K + ATPase activity, but in the absence of K + , to
(vi) the mean membrane potential of corresponding control cells of one or more humans known to have ADHD incubated in vitro in the absence of the compound that alters Na + K + ATPase activity, but in the presence of K + ,
wherein when the ratio obtained in (a) is not significantly different than the ADHD control ratio obtained in (b′), said test human patient is diagnosed as having ADHD,
wherein each mean membrane potential is determined by incubating the cells in vitro in buffer comprising a potential-sensitive dye, resuspending the cells in potential-sensitive dye free-buffer, and measuring cell fluorescence.
3. The method according to claim 1 or 2 , wherein steps (a) and (b) are performed.
4. The method according to claim 1 or 2 , wherein K + is present at a concentration of 2-7 mM.
5. The method according to any one of claim 1 or 2 , wherein the compound that alters Na + K + ATPase activity is selected from the group consisting of:
valinomycin, monensin, monensin decyl ester, p-chloromercurybenzenesulfonate (PCMBS), veratridine, ethacrynate, dopamine, a catecholamine, a phorbol ester, ouabain, lithium, valproate, lamotrigine, cocaine, nicotine, R0-31-8220, oxymetazoline, calcineurin, topiramate, a peptide hormone, sorbitol, and a diuretic.
6. The method according to any one of claim 1 or 2 , wherein the compound that alters Na + K + ATPase activity is a phorbol ester.
7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the phorbol ester is selected from the group consisting of: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) , 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate 4-O-methyl ether, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (PDD), and phorbol 12,13-dinonanoate 20-homovanillate.
8. The method according to any one of claim 1 or 2 , wherein each of the cells used therein is selected from the group consisting of: lymphoblasts, erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, fibroblasts, epidermal cells, mucosal tissue cells, cells of cerebrospinal fluid, hair cells, and cells of whole blood.