Cyclic process for the efficient generation of chlorine dioxide in dilute solutions
An efficient cyclic process and related compositions for the in-situ generation of chlorine dioxide from dilute solutions of chlorite anions at near neutral pH. The cyclic process provides a means of safe and effective use of chlorine dioxide with reduced concern of chlorite accumulation in the aqueous system. The disclosed chemistry used to support the cyclic process can be applied independently or in various combinations that are effectively inert. This dramatically reduces safety concerns since the chlorine dioxide is produced in-situ to the application and in dilute concentrations. Also, the process allows for regeneration of inert anions such as bromide and chlorite thereby reducing operating cost.
1. A cyclic process for the conversion of a dilute solution of chlorite anions to chlorine dioxide in an aqueous system for enhanced inactivation of microbiological organisms, the process comprising:
addition of an activating oxidant selected from at least one of a free halogen donor comprising some portion of free chlorine and peroxymonosulfate donor to the aqueous system; and
obtaining in said aqueous system a bromide anion concentration from about 5 ppm to 1000 ppm, a chlorite anion concentration necessary to sustain from about 0.1 to 20 ppm as chlorine dioxide, and a pH of between about 6.0 to 8.5; whereby the activating oxidant reacts with the bromide anion to sustain a free bromine concentration from about 2.25 to 50 ppm reported as Br 2 , subsequent reaction of the free bromine with the chlorite anion to produce chlorine dioxide; and
wherein at least some portion of the recovered bromide anions and chlorite anions resulting from the reduction of free bromine and chlorine dioxide are recycled in the cyclic process.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the bromide anion is sustained by addition of an alkali metal salt comprising bromide.
3. The process of claim 2 , wherein the alkali metal salt of bromide is sodium bromide.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the bromide anion is sustained by addition of a brominated hydantoin.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous system is an aquatic facility.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous system is a laundry washing machine.
7. The process of claim l , wherein the aqueous system comprises poultry washing.
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous system comprises vegetable washing.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein the chlorite anions are obtained by the reduction of chlorine dioxide in the aqueous system.
10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the chlorite anions are obtained by the addition of an alkali salt of chlorite.
11. The process of claim 10 , wherein the alkali salt of chlorite is sodium chlorite.
12. The process of claim 1 , further comprising sustain a transition metal catalyst comprising cobalt ranging from 5 to 500 ppb measured as elemental metal.
13. A cyclic process for the conversion of a dilute solution of chlorite anions to chlorine dioxide in an aquatic facility for enhanced inactivation of microbiological organisms while mammals are present, the process comprising:
addition of an activating oxidant selected from at least one of a free halogen donor comprising some portion of free chlorine and peroxymonosulfate donor to the aquatic facility; and
sustaining in said aquatic facility a bromide anion concentration from about 5 ppm to 1000 ppm, a chlorite anion concentration necessary to sustain from about 0.1 to 0.8 ppm as chlorine dioxide, and a pH of between about 7.0 to 8.0; whereby the activating oxidant reacts with the bromide anion to sustain a free bromine concentration from about 2.25 to 22.5 ppm reported as Br 2 , subsequent reaction of the free bromine with the chlorite anion to produce chlorine dioxide; and
wherein at least some portion of the recovered bromide anions and chlorite anions resulting from the reduction of free bromine and chlorine dioxide are recycled in the cyclic process.
14. The process of claim 13 , further comprising sustaining a concentration of dialkythydantoin in the range of about 5 to 30 ppm.
15. The process of claim 13 , further comprising sustaining a concentration of transition metal catalyst comprising cobalt in the range of about 5 ppm to 1000 ppm measured as elemental cobalt.
16. The process of claim 13 , further comprising sustaining a concentration of transition metal catalyst comprising ruthenium in the range of about 5 ppm to 1000 ppm measured as elemental ruthenium.
17. The process of claim 13 , further comprising sustaining a concentration of transition metal catalyst comprising iron in the range of about 5 ppm to 1000 ppm measured as elemental iron.
18. A cyclic process for the conversion of a dilute solution of chlorite anions to chlorine dioxide in an aquatic facility for enhanced inactivation of microbiological organisms including cryptosporidium, the process comprising:
addition of an activating oxidant selected from at least one of a free halogen donor comprising some portion of free chlorine and peroxymonosulfate donor to the aquatic facility; and
sustaining in said aquatic facility a bromide anion concentration from about 5 ppm to 1000 ppm, a chlorite anion concentration necessary to sustain from about 0.1 to 0.8 ppm as chlorine dioxide, a pH of between about 7.0 to 8.0; whereby the activating oxidant reacts with the bromide anion to sustain a free bromine concentration from about 2.25 to 22.5 ppm reported as Br 2 , subsequent reaction of the free bromine with the chlorite anion to produce chlorine dioxide; and
sustaining from about 5 ppb to 1000 ppb of a transitional metal catalyst measured as elemental metal that reacts with a sulfate free radical precursor to produce sulfate free radicals, feeding a sulfate free radical precursor in an amount of 0.07 to 0.70 lbs per 10,000 gallons of water comprising the aquatic facility per day; and
wherein at least some portion of the recovered bromide anions and chlorite anions resulting from the reduction of free bromine and chlorine dioxide are recycled in the cyclic process.
19. The process of claim 18 , wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises cobalt.
20. The process of claim 18 , wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises ruthenium.
21. The process of claim 18 , wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises iron.
22. The process of claim 18 , wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises copper.
23. The process of claim 18 , wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises silver.
24. The process of claim 18 , wherein the sulfate free radical precursor is potassium monopersulfatc.